The main aim of the article was to present the liquid biofuel sector against the bioeconomy and sustainable development of agriculture in order to show the dilemma of the bioeconomy. It lies in the fact that the production of first generation biofuels (from agricultural raw materials) is a segment of the bioeconomy, but it does not support the idea of sustainable development of agriculture. Bioeconomy mainly includes agriculture and forestry and related industries, therefore, the food industry and wood industry, but also the bioenergy sector. It can be concluded that the production of biofuels belongs to bioeconomy. In turn, sustainable development means the simultaneous integration of the objectives in environmental, economic and social areas. In principle, the production of biofuels from agricultural raw materials (cereals, sugarcane, oilseeds) should support the idea of the sustainable development, but in practice it denies.