The aim of the study was to compare the size and productivity of the factors of land and work in agriculture of old and new EU member states. In the paper analyzed vertical and horizontal changes in mentioned factors in the 27 countries of the European Union in 2005-2012. In the new EU member countries, the involvement of land and labor inputs in agricultural production resulted in 2005 and 2012 in worse production effects than in “fifteen” countries. This was partly due to lower crop prices received by farmers in Eastern Europe and smaller payments counted for gross value added of agriculture. However, the main reason for the poor performance of agricultural production in the group of new countries was not very effective use of available productive resources, especially labor factor.