@article{Mettinen:199802,
      recid = {199802},
      author = {Mettinen, A. and Alanen, E. and Hyytianinen, K. and  Kuussaari, M.},
      title = {Cost-effectiveness of measures which promote pollination  services in boreal agricultural landscapes},
      journal = {Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial  Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics},
      address = {2012-05},
      number = {1333-2016-103824},
      pages = {1},
      year = {2012},
      note = {Subject Title: Abstract},
      abstract = {Species diversity on arable land and associated ecosystem  services have decreased due to
intensified agricultural  production and loss of non-crop habitats in boreal  agricultural
landscapes. There have been attempts to  mitigate this negative trend by agri-environmental
schemes,  but applied measures have often proved to be both  ineffective and expensive.
Research on the  cost-effectiveness of measures is therefore required.
We  considered three biodiversity measures in southern Finland:  A) a biodiversity zone
established on the margin of a  forest abutting on a field, B) a biodiversity strip on a  field at a
forest border and C) an environmental fallow. In  our study, a forest biodiversity zone (measure
A) consists  of a 5-m wide meadow-like treeless strip and a 20-m wide  transitional zone which is
managed by repeated selection  cuttings to create a mixed-species uneven-aged stand  structure.
A biodiversity strip on the margin of a field  (measure B) refers to a 5-m wide uncropped strip
covered by  wildflowers or perennial grasses. An environmental fallow  (measure C) is either a
biodiversity field established by a  meadow-plant seed mixture or a grass field established  by
perennial grasses.
The effectiveness of measures in  promoting pollination services was determined by the  achieved
increase in bumblebee abundance compared with the  prevailing land use. Control areas of
measure A were  managed according to the recommended good practices in  forestry (even-aged
management). Control treatments of  measures B and C were the corresponding areas of a field
in  conventional feed-barley production. Costs of measures  incurred to a private landowner were
calculated by  subtracting the present value of a net income stream  obtained from an area where
the measure is applied from the  present values of net incomes received from the  corresponding
forests and fields managed according to  current practices and recommendations.
The results indicate  that the cost-effectiveness of the measures applied on  fields is better than
those applied in forests even though  the price of cereals is assumed to retain its current  high
level. The best outcome with least costs was obtained  by using a meadow-plant seed mixture
including brown and  wig knapweeds (Centaurea jacea and Centaurea phrygia),  daisy
(Leucanthemum vulgare), white clover (Trifolium  repens) and common bent (Agrostis
capillaris). For a  landowner, the use of field measures is also supported by  the fact that, on
fields, land use can be changed quickly  if necessary.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/199802},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.199802},
}