@article{Malabayabas:199099,
      recid = {199099},
      author = {Malabayabas, Arelene Julia and Templeton, Debbie and  Singh, Pratibha},
      title = {Ex-ante Impact of Direct Seeding of Rice as an Alternative  to Transplanting Rice in the Indo-Gangetic Plain},
      journal = {Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development},
      address = {2012-12-30},
      number = {1362-2016-107598},
      pages = {17},
      month = {Dec},
      year = {2012},
      abstract = {This study assessed the economic impacts of direct seeding  of rice as an alternative crop establishment method for  farmers in rice-wheat systems in Uttarakhand, Uttar  Pradesh, and Bihar, India. Specifically, it examined the  changes in farmers’ inputs (labor and materials) and level  of productivity and incomes between direct-seeded (DSR) and  transplanted (TPR) rice, and measured the economic returns  on investment in direct seeding. Analyses included  comparison of means, cost and return, and economic surplus  framework. 
The average yield of DSR across sample farms in  all three states was 5 percent lower than that of TPR. On  the other hand, wheat yield increased by 9 percent after  adopting DSR. The net present values (NPVs) of direct  seeding in rice-wheat systems in Uttarakhand, Uttar  Pradesh, and Bihar were USD 41 million, USD 32 million, and  USD 44 million, respectively. The corresponding  benefit-cost ratios were estimated at 46, 36, and 50. The  NPVs of direct seeding in rice production alone in  Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar were USD 33 million,  USD 23 million, and USD 31 million, respectively. Hence,  the greater proportion of benefits from DSR adoption was  derived from the change in rice production. In sum, DSR is  a profitable option in rice-wheat systems and is  appropriate for diffusion.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/199099},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.199099},
}