The study reveals the contribution of increased agricultural productivity in food security in the developing countries. An intensive literature review is conducted in writing the article. It has depicted the different productivity measures in agriculture and their relative uses. It explains several non-conventional production factors influencing agricultural productivity growth along with conventional production factors. It also explains how increased agricultural productivity is linked with food security, rural livelihood as well as rural poverty reduction. Finally it demonstrates why increased agricultural productivity is necessary for developing countries including Sub-Saharan Africa and it also provides a few policy options to increase agricultural productivity in developing countries.