@article{Traxler:176633,
      recid = {176633},
      author = {Traxler, Greg and Byerlee, Derek R.},
      title = {Linking technical change to research effort: an  examination of aggregation and spillovers effects},
      journal = {Agricultural Economics: The Journal of the International  Association of Agricultural Economists},
      address = {2001-03},
      number = {968-2016-75585},
      pages = {12},
      year = {2001},
      abstract = {We used a disaggregate approach to examine investment  efficiency of wheat breeding research in India. India's  total research
effort comprizes 20 research programs spread  across 50 experiment stations. A technology spillover  matrix was constructed
for both potential and actual  spillovers. Spillovers and free-riding were dominant  characteristics of technical change during
the period  studied. Although the aggregate rate of return to wheat  improvement research in India was estimated to be  55%,
eight programs were found to have earned a negative  rate of return when spillins were taken into account.  Research output is
concentrated on a few strong programs.  The two strongest programs generated 75% of all the  technical change benefits, even
though they claimed just  22% of research resources. These two programs include a  significant degree of overlap, while on the
other hand many  farmers were not reached by any of the programs- 56 and 78%  of rainfed and durum area, respectively, in
1990 was still  sown with pre-1976 varieties.© 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.  All rights reserved.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/176633},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.176633},
}