@article{Silva:174951,
      recid = {174951},
      author = {Silva, Orlando Monteiro da and Grennes, Thomas},
      title = {Wheat policy and economy-wide reform in Brazil},
      journal = {Agricultural Economics: The Journal of the International  Association of Agricultural Economists},
      address = {1999-03},
      number = {968-2016-75544},
      pages = {16},
      year = {1999},
      abstract = {In recent years, the wheat sector in Brazil has moved from  governmental protection and public intervention to a free  market
and privatization. In this study, those changes are  analyzed through measures of governmental intervention on  nominal rates of
protection and on welfare of producers and  consumers. Elasticities of demand and supply of wheat are  estimated, and the
effects of changes in policies are  analyzed under official and shadow exchange rates. Welfare  measures indicate that almost
US$ 8 billion were spent from  1970 until 1989 with policies to subsidize producers and  consumers. The policy-induced
stimulus to consumer demand  exceeded the stimulus to domestic production, and self  sufficiency in wheat declined. The
reduction in wheat  subsidies since 1989 was more than an isolated  sector-specific policy. It was part of macroeconomic  antiinflation
policy, and it coincided with other  economy-wide changes such as real appreciation and a  decline in international
commodity prices. © 1999 Elsevier  Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/174951},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.174951},
}