@article{Akihisa:164926,
      recid = {164926},
      author = {Akihisa, Nonaka},
      title = {The Relationship between Family Budget and Non-Farming  Wages in the Tohoku Region},
      journal = {Journal of Rural Economics},
      address = {2009-06},
      number = {359-2016-18388},
      pages = {13},
      year = {2009},
      abstract = {Majority of the studies on low-wage levels in Tohoku,  Japan have been focusing on the analysis of part-time  non-farming jobs for males. On the other hand, some former  studies have analyzed the full-time non-farming jobs for  males in Tohoku and also indicate low-wage levels in these  cases. The previous studies presented two hypotheses in  order to explain the structure of the full-time low-wage  levels for males in the farming regions. One is with regard  to the influence of low-wage levels for part-time jobs, and  the other pertains to farmers' family norms. However, the  conclusions of these studies were rather hypothetical and  vague.
This article reveals the structure of the low-wage  levels for full-time non-farming jobs for males in Tohoku  by analyzing the results of interviews of farmers in three  villages. The results indicate that most farming households  in the Tohoku region should combine the incomes of all the  adult members of the family in order to meet their family  budget. However, this scenario differs from that in the  Kinki region where the breadwinners earn enough to meet  their family bud-get. The study also highlights a  generation gap in the job structure in the Tohoku region.  The younger generation holds full-time non-farming jobs,  but most of their wages only match the family budget per  adult, and not per family. Therefore, these individuals  need to maintain the farmers' family norms in order to  share the family budget among all the adults in the family,  and therefore, the farmers' family norm is considered the  defining factor of the low-wage levels of non-farming jobs  in Tohoku, Japan.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/164926},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.164926},
}