@article{Verhofstadt:164803,
      recid = {164803},
      author = {Verhofstadt, Ellen and Maertens, Miet},
      title = {Can agricultural cooperatives reduce poverty?  Heterogeneous impact of cooperative membership on farmers’  welfare in Rwanda},
      address = {2014},
      number = {1067-2016-86820},
      series = {Bioeconomics Working Paper Series},
      pages = {25},
      year = {2014},
      note = {An updated version of this working paper is published  as:
Verhofstadt, E., Maertens, M. (2014). Can Agricultural  Cooperatives Reduce Poverty? Heterogeneous Impact of  Cooperative Membership on Farmers' Welfare in Rwanda.  Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy,
art.nr. online.},
      abstract = {We analyze the inclusiveness and effectiveness of  agricultural cooperatives in Rwanda. We estimate mean  income and poverty effects of cooperative membership using  propensity score matching techniques. We analyze  heterogeneous treatment effects across farmers by analyzing  how estimated treatment effects vary over farm and farmer  characteristics and over the estimated propensity score. We  find that cooperative membership in general increases  income and reduces poverty and that these effects are  largest for larger farms and in more remote areas. We find  evidence of a negative selection as impact is largest for  farmers with the lowest propensity to be a cooperative  member.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/164803},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.164803},
}