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Abstract
We use a large unique household panel data set spanning 16 years to estimate the impacts of
three major Chinese forest conservation and reforestation programs on household incomes. The
programs are the most significant of China’s Key Priority Forestry Programs, namely the Sloping
Land Conversion Program (the SLCP), the Natural Forest Protection Program (the NFPP), and the
Desertification Combating Program around Beijing and Tianjin (the DCBT). Cluster effects with
county and environment factors have been estimated by using year dummy variables. Fixed
model with cluster effects has been used. In addition to estimating the total impacts of the
programs, individually and in combination, we disaggregate the effects by income source, stage
of policy implementation, and duration of participation. We find minimal effects on total incomes
from the programs overall, which are quiet different with other research empirical results, .but the
more detailed results show that the initial stages of the programs, and the early years of
participation had negative or neutral effects on land-based incomes, while in more recent years,
impacts have improved, and in some cases become positive.
rural development
rural development