@article{Vollrath:131618,
      recid = {131618},
      author = {Vollrath, Thomas L. and Grant, Jason H. and Hallahan,  Charles B.},
      title = {Reciprocal Trade Agreements:  Impacts on U.S. and Foreign  Suppliers in Commodity and Manufactured Food Markets},
      address = {2012-08},
      number = {1477-2016-121155},
      series = {Economic Research Report},
      pages = {40},
      year = {2012},
      abstract = {Reciprocal trade agreements (RTAs), which grant special  preferences to members, affect the pattern and volume of  bilateral trade in global markets. This study uses the  gravity framework and panel data depicting annual trade  between 69 countries over 31 years to examine how 11 RTAs  have shaped U.S. and other suppliers’ exports of commodity  and manufactured foods. Empirical results show that joint  RTA membership enabled exporters to increase their trade  with member country importers in the two food markets. The  few agreements that failed to have a positive effect on  member trade in either commodity food or manufactured food  involve developing countries that typically grant very  limited cross-border trade preference to member countries.  Interestingly, model results indicate that RTAs can be a  vehicle to increase trade externally. Nine of the 11 RTAs  also expanded exports externally to nonmember countries,  albeit to a lesser degree than with member importers. In  some cases, however, nonmember exporters of food bore the  cost of the RTA-induced expansion of trade. Five RTAs  lowered food imports from nonmember suppliers. The adverse  effects on nonmember suppliers were more pronounced for the  United States than for other competitors.},
      url = {http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/131618},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.131618},
}