Since 1987, ACIAR has invested in collaborative research projects between Australian and Indonesian scientists, with the aim of improving plantation forestry in both countries. This presentation is derived from report on a cost–benefit study to assess economic impacts from this investment. For more detail, see Lindner (2011). Based on conservative assumptions about uptake of outputs of the “Australian trees projects” by Indonesian pulpwood plantations, the present value of benefits could eventually be as high as A$11,148 million from an investment by ACIAR and partners of less than A$20 million.