Based on the overview of social economy of Henan Province, I probe into the concept and evaluation of ecological carrying capacity. By using the ecological footprint analysis and the data of various kinds of land supply of Henan Province from 2000 to 2008, the ecological carrying capacity of Henan Province is analyzed. It is unveiled that inharmonious population, natural resources and economic resources affects the efficiency of the sustainable development of ecological carrying capacity of Henan Province; the underdeveloped economy of Henan Province impacts the sustainable development of ecological carrying capacity of Henan Province and the overburdened population lead to the insufficiency of ecological carrying capacity. Around protecting the threshold of ecological system, the countermeasures are put forward, which cover forming the idea of ecological economy and circular economy and promoting the transformation of economy growth mode; taking the development road of using resources intensively and performing the strategy of sustainable utilization of resources; strictly control population growth and strengthening people’s crisis awareness of resources and environment.