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Abstract
There is potential for over-provision of environmental harms and under-provision of environmental
benefits associated with GM crops. As a result, strong public regulation is needed to ensure that full social
values are considered. However, one reason for opposition to GM crops is a lack of public trust in
regulatory institutions and science, and the limited opportunities afforded to public-participation and nonscientific
concerns. We aim to demonstrate the trade-off between social cost and managing the risks of
gene flow arising from environmental release of GM canola in Australia, using the framework of a
probabilistic risk assessment and safety-rule decision mechanism.