With the implementation of the school relocation policy in the 1990s, the number of rural primary schools has dropped sharply. In order to better solve the problem of schooling for rural students, the development of boarding schools has become a realistic choice. However, for pupils lacking self-reliance, premature boarding can have an adverse effect on their mental development. In the investigation of county L in southern Shaanxi, the physical and mental development of boarding students is influenced by such factors such as the family's economic status, the supervision of primary boarding schools, and the isolation of social contacts under the boarding system. Therefore, trying to make recommendations to care for boarding students from the duties and responsibilities of the family, the school and the government is of positive significance in advancing education equity.