Agricultural intensification is one of the top priorities of the Malian government. Following the food and oil price crisis in 2007-08, the Malian government have since launched a fertilizer subsidy program. The main objectives of the program are to boost national agricultural productivity through increased use of fertilizer and thereby, improve food and nutrition security. The program specifically targets cotton, maize, millet, sorghum, wheat and rice crops. Fertilizer subsidies are the largest expense items, accounting for about 25% of the total rural and agricultural budget (Theriault, Smale, and Assima, Forthcoming). Yet, there is little empirical evidence of the impact of the fertilizer subsidy program on any outcomes, including fertilizer use and productivity.