Conducting rural social investigation is the excellent tradition of the Communist Party of China. Since the reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China has undertaken several times of rural investigation, fully grasped the first-hand data of rural development situation of China, and formulated scientific policies and measures. These promote tremendous changes in rural development. Rural investigation of the Communist Party of China covers a wide range of topics, including politics, economy, education, science and technology, health care, sanitation, and population. Undertaking detailed investigation in rural areas is of great significance for development of rural society, scientific administration of the Communist Party of China, and the construction of the socialist society with Chinese characteristics.