The aim of the study was to demonstrate, on the example of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute (IUNG-PIB) in Pulawy that agricultural sciences can support the development of the bioeconomy in the regions. The examination was conducted by analysing reports and publications of the Institute’s researchers. The regional diversity of agriculture in Poland was also considered. IUNG-PIB as a research institute, supervised by the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development conducts research in the field of development of the agricultural environment and technologies of crop production. The Institute evaluates regional differences in Polish agriculture against natural and organizational-economic conditions. It was found that the main directions of the IUNG’s research are in line with the strategic areas of bioeconomy. It is necessary, however, to improve the efficiency of the transfer of agricultural research results into practice, implementing the concept of the development of the bioeconomy, taking into account regional differences in Polish agriculture.