Russia’s transition from a planned to a market economy during the 1990s resulted in a severe decline in agricultural gross output and the inputs used in production. By the late 1990s, the agricultural output decline had bottomed out and growth resumed. For some products, such as grain, the production rebound created surpluses for export, while for other products for which Russia was a net importer, such as meat, the output growth reduced imports. Although the output turnaround began in the late 1990s, input use fell until the mid-2000s as the sector continued to correct overexpansion during the Soviet period. Measures of Russian national and district-level total factor productivity (TFP) growth in agriculture from 1994 to 2013 reveal that recovery varied regionally across the country, though greater output specialization has been a general feature among districts. The most robust productivity growth occurred in the South, which has emerged as Russia’s most important agricultural district. The Central district also exhibited strong TFP growth in the later years of the study period, which supports a cautiously optimistic view of Russia’s future agricultural growth.