Taking sixteen main fishery production regions as the study objects, this paper is to examine the fishery industrial structure and investigate the correlation between the economic growth of the fishery industry and the fishery industrial structure during the period 1997-2013 by the shift-share analysis. The study results show that (i) four types of regional industrial structure exist in the fishery industry in China; (ii) all the three sectors-fishing production, fish processing (manufacturing) and fish marketing (distribution), have emerged with large potential for promoting the national fishery industry growth, especially for the latter two; (iii) the factors of industry-mix and competitive position have significantly different impacts on the growth of fishery industry in different main fishery production regions. This study is one of the comprehensive studies on the status of regional fishery industrial structure, and the competitiveness of regional fishery industry in China.