Minimum tillage combined with mulching (MTM) are two critical components of conservation agriculture (CA) that can have important economic benefits for adopting farmers and positive environmental impacts for the community. Using a unique set of plot level, four-country data that includes household demographic and plot characteristics, this paper uses a binary probit model followed by post-estimation simulations to examine the effect of micro-level factors (plot, farmer characteristics, social capital), meso-level factors (access to markets) and national level policy variables (government input subsidy expenditures and investments in agricultural extension staffing), as predictors of MTM in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania. Key policy principles in promoting CA should clearly focus on long term strategies to aggressively invest in agricultural extension but also reduce the costs of farm inputs.