This paper aims to assess the impact of the use of credit in rice farming on productivity and income in Benin. It applies the potential outcomes framework to data collected from 342 rice farmers in Benin to estiamte the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE). Findings show that the use of credit in rice farming has positive and significant impact on farmers' rice yield, rice output, rice income, per capita rice income, annual household income and per capita annual household income. Therefore, facilitating access of rice farmers to agricultural credit is a good strategy for supporting rice sector development, and therefore contributing to food security and poverty alleviation in Benin. Moreover, the impacts were higher for female farmers than male farmers. Therefore, it is important to control for heterogeneity in impact assessment studies in order to appreciate the real effect of interventions on different social categories in the target population.