[Paper in French] This paper presents an analysis of the consequences for the French agricultural sector of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Health Check following the measures adopted in France in February 2009. The simulations, conducted with the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), show a shift of direct payments in favour of sheep and dairy farms, mainly those with a high proportion of grassland in their rotation. By contrast, crop farms and intensive cattle farms should lose. This new reform of the CAP will reduce the variability of single farm payment amounts among French farms; however, it will not modify in depth the current hierarchy of agricultural incomes which is also highly dependent on agricultural prices. In addition, these measures promote a more targeted allocation of budgetary outlays on natural resource protection.