This paper defines ecotourism and outlines possible economic and conservational benefits from developing ecotourism or wildlife-based tourism. It identifies possible economic benefits for local communities and possible economic costs to such communities. A sufficient market does not always exist for wildlife-based tourism to make it economically viable. Therefore, market analysis should be undertaken before promoting the development of wildlife-based tourism. A checklist is provided to give guidance in market appraisal. Even non-consumptive wildlife-based tourism can have adverse environmental consequences. These are listed. Care is needed to avoid these negative consequences and to ensure that local communities obtain adequate economic benefits from the development of wildlife-based tourism.