Taking the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute in Pulawy as an example, it has been demonstrated that agricultural research is focused on increasing the competitiveness of Polish agriculture. Research results have a significant impact on the agricultural sector by implementing environmentally friendly production technologies, management systems and cost optimization. The proper location of agricultural production and the use of biological and technological progress make it possible to improve product quality. It has been stated that to develop Polish agriculture competitiveness, there is a need to stimulate collaboration of different research teams and enhance the effectiveness of research results transfer to agricultural practice via advisory system. Agriculture differentiation between the regions and groups of farms must be taken into consideration.