From nitrogen and phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, phytoplankton, and eutrophication, this article analyzes the current situation of water quality in the Dongting Lake area, and discusses the factors influencing the water quality of Dongting Lake. Based on the actual production, geographic characteristics and outstanding problem of grim water pollution situation in the Dongting Lake area, some specific proposed measures are put forward in order to provide the basis and reference for the future pollution control in the Dongting Lake area, such as strengthening the industrial pollution control, developing ecological agriculture, and enhancing ecological restoration and water quality early warning.