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Abstract
Impact assessment studies consistently show that the benefits generated by plant breeding are large, positive and widely
distributed. Numerous case studies have concluded that investment in plant breeding research generates attractive rates of
return compared to alternative investment opportunities, that welfare gains resulting from the adoption of modern varieties
(MVs) reach both favoured and marginal environments, and that benefits are broadly shared by producers and consumers.
But just how reliable are the results of studies that estimate the benefits of plant breeding research? This article reviews
methods used to estimate the benefits of plant breeding research and discusses theoretical and empirical issues that often
receive inadequate attention in applied impact assessment work. Our objective is not to question the validity of the theoretical
frameworks commonly used to estimate the benefits of plant breeding research, but rather to examine problems that can arise
when the widely accepted theoretical frameworks are used for empirical analysis. Most of these problems can be grouped
into three basic categories: ( 1) problems associated with measuring adoption and diffusion of MV s, (2) problems associated
with estimating benefits attributable to adoption ofMVs, and (3) problems associated with assigning credit among the various
plant breeding programmes that participated in developing the MVs.
© 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.