The chapter aims at overview of the recently adopted State Program of the Russian Federation for Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Agricultural Commodities Markets in 2013-2020 and specifics of its application in Russia in the conditions of trade liberalization. The Program is important to be analyzed in the frameworks of the current joint international research, since it emphasizes a social and rural development orientation, although the planned funds for these sub-programs are small. The research considers four applications of the given State Program: compliance with WTO requirements, state support of agriculture, provision of food security, and ensurance of sustainable rural development. In the process of chapter development authors addressed the report “Agriculture Development Program 2013-2020” by USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, report of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and data provided by the Federal Service of Statistics of the Russian Federation. The chapter results in the conclusion that state policies in the sphere of rural development have to evolve beyond the traditional, sector-based model, with its almost exclusive focus on agriculture. Contemporary set of tools to ensure sustainable rural development should be based on the multi-sectoral strategies and programs that identify and better exploit the development potential of rural area through a variety of factors: national food security, agricultural production, liberalization of trade and foreign economic activities, support of local producers and rural households, rural infrastructure, environmental and recreational potential.