The chapter aims at overview of the main approaches to agricultural policies in developed and developing countries and investigation of perspective ways for ensurance of sustainable rural development in the conditions of liberalization of trade with agricultural commodities and food. The current state of agricultural policies and trade with agricultural commodities is analyzed on the example of EU-27, USA and Japan. The experiences of developing countries are summarized on the examples of Russia and CIS countries. The issues of sustainable rural development and main influences of trade liberalization are considered in the light of food security, where situation in Russia is compared to the developed countries. The chapter results in the conclusion, that developing countries would be able to ensure the sustainable rural development by evolution of state support in rural territories, import substitution, provision of environmental safety of domestic agricultural commodities, development of rural tourism and other income opportunities for rural people. In relation to long-term food security in the conditions of trade liberalization, the development of polycentricism of global agricultural market is considered as the key factor.