From the presentation, connotation, characteristics, principles, pattern, and technologies of ecological agriculture with high efficiency, we conduct comprehensive and systematic analysis and discussion of the theoretical and practical progress of ecological agriculture with high efficiency. (i) Ecological agriculture with high efficiency was first advanced in China in 1991. (ii) Ecological agriculture with high efficiency highlights "high efficiency", "ecology", and "combination". (iii) Ecological agriculture with high efficiency is characterized by diverse organisms, good environment, good structure, powerful function, good quality, high benefit, low emission, sustainability. (iv) The yield increase and efficiency increase principle of ecological agriculture with high efficiency lies in full land use, three-dimensional light use, sufficient use of season, multi-layer water consumption, efficient fertilizer consumption, symbiosis and mutual supplement, ecological disaster reduction, recycling. (v) The typical pattern of ecological agriculture with high efficiency includes three-dimensional use pattern, biological symbiosis pattern, multi-industry combination pattern, industrial extension pattern, technology-driven pattern, environmental renovation pattern, resource recycling pattern, leisure and sight-seeing pattern. (vi) The key technologies of ecological agriculture with high efficiency include resource-saving technology, water and fertilizer regulation technology, biological technology for increasing soil fertility, disaster prevention and mitigation technology, comprehensive utilization technology, water conservation technology, structural adjustment technology, energy development technology, watershed control technology, and modern high-tech technology.