On the basis of financial, scientific and technological, and resource factors constraining modern agricultural development, we analyze a series of effective exploration in the plight of modern agriculture in China. Results show that significant achievements have been made through measures such as increasing agricultural investment, strengthening research and development and popularization of agricultural science and technology, enhancing capital construction, and great improvement has been made in agricultural production, farmers’ living, agricultural science and technology, agricultural industrialization and scale level of land. In line with these, we sum up following experience: insist on ensuring national grain security, increase agricultural investment to lay solid foundation for developing modern agriculture, speed up innovation in mechanism and system, and guide by types through proper planning in accordance with local conditions.