There is growing concern that the AIDS epidemic may reduce long-term human capital development through reductions in child schooling, thus severely limiting the long-term ability of orphans and their extended families to escape poverty. This concern has led to an empirical debate regarding whether to target orphans or poor children (or both) with schooling subsidies. This paper contributes to this on-going debate by using a large panel dataset from 2002-2005 from rural Mozambique to measure the impact of working-age (WA)adult mortality, morbidity and orphan status on child primary schooling.