2009-11-24T17:01:45Zhttp://ageconsearch.umn.edu/oai/request
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:93922008-04-21T15:06:34Zhdl_33928Laajimi, AbderraoufGuesmi, AnisDhehibi, Boubaker2007-07-02T21:13:52Z2007-07-02T21:13:52Z200725955http://purl.umn.edu/9392In Tunisia, the apples occupy a significant place on the sector of perennial crops. This crop
covered expanded areas during the eighties following an extensive use of efficient water
equipments. However, significant seasonal and annual variation of fruit supplies in the
domestic market were frequently encountered affecting prices at both wholesale and
consumption levels. To study the supply response of apples we carried out an econometric
estimate of the model of supply response. Modelling was carried out in two stages:
determination of the variation of the surfaces, on the basis of equation of news plantations and
the equation of removals, and the variation of yields. The methodological approach that we
followed takes account of the characteristics and specificities related to the perennial crops.
Weak response of the supply to variations in the expected prices is obtained. Price elasticity
obtained is about 0.13.16application/pdfFrenchfrAgEcon SearchEuropean Association of Agricultural Economists>103rd Seminar, April 23-25, 2007, Barcelona, Spain103rd EAAE Seminar 'Adding Value to the Agro-Food Supply Chain in the Future Euromediterranean Space'Supply responsemodellingexpected pricesapplesDemand and Price AnalysisAnalyse de la Reponse de l'offre des Pommes en Tunisie : Une Approche EconometriqueSupply response analysis of apples in Tunisia : an econometric approachConference Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92252008-04-15T15:59:09Zhdl_33894Longworth, John W.2007-07-27T14:54:17Z2007-07-27T14:54:17Z1976-03-0627014http://purl.umn.edu/9225The beef trade between Australia and Japan is not well understood in Australia. Access to the Japanese beef market depends more on administrative and political decisions than on market forces. The politics of beef in Japan are briefly outlined. Food self-sufficiency and agricultural protectionism in Japan are discussed in relation to Japanese beef policies. The activities of the major institutions concerned with administering beef policy in Japan are considered with particular emphasis on the Livestock Industry Promotion Corporation. The history of both the beef tariff and beef import quotas are also sketched. Many significant conclusions are reached regarding the future of the Japanese beef market.25application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 44, Numbers 01 and 02, March and June 1976International Relations/TradeINSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES INFLUENCING JAPANESE BEEF IMPORTSJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92242008-04-15T15:53:51Zhdl_33894Richmond, R.N.2007-07-27T14:54:19Z2007-07-27T14:54:19Z1976-03-0627022http://purl.umn.edu/9224This article briefly compares the importance of natural adjustment and rural reconstruction measures in the decline of the number of registered dairymen in N.S.W. between 1963 and 1973. Some comments are then made as to the cost of concessional interest rate provisions for those farmers leaving dairying through the reconstruction schemes. The use of farm counsellors as an alternative to concessional finance is then suggested.3application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 44, Numbers 01 and 02, March and June 1976Livestock Production/IndustriesDAIRY RECONSTRUCTION: SOME COMMENTSJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92232008-04-15T15:53:23Zhdl_338942007-07-27T14:54:21Z2007-07-27T14:54:21Z1976-03-0626977http://purl.umn.edu/922319application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 44, Numbers 01 and 02, March and June 1976Teaching/Communication/Extension/ProfessionBOOK REVIEWSJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92212008-04-15T16:23:08Zhdl_34258Jarrett, F.G.Lindner, R.K.2007-07-27T14:54:25Z2007-07-27T14:54:25Z1977-1227095http://purl.umn.edu/9221This paper explains why various formulae used in the literature to calculate level and distribution of annual research benefits yield different results. After reviewing the differences in assumptions used by different authors to develop their respective formulae, the paper concludes by presenting alternative formulae which are more generally applicable than those previously available.12application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging TechnologiesRESEARCH BENEFITS REVISITEDJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92202008-04-15T16:15:54Zhdl_342582007-07-27T14:54:27Z2007-07-27T14:54:27Z1977-1227093http://purl.umn.edu/92206application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977Teaching/Communication/Extension/ProfessionBOOK REVIEWSJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92192008-04-15T16:16:25Zhdl_34258Schrimper, R.A.2007-07-27T14:54:29Z2007-07-27T14:54:29Z1977-1227098http://purl.umn.edu/9219Tisdell's evaluation of the Neriove-Waugh theorem concerning optimal advertising for a competitive industry without supply control is examined. This examination supports the continuing validity of the major implications of the theorem.4application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977MarketingCOMMENTS ON TISDELL'S CRITIQUE OF NERLOVE-WAUGH THEOREM CONCERNING OPTIMAL ADVERTISINGJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92182008-04-15T16:22:10Zhdl_34258Kennedy, Jim2007-07-27T14:54:32Z2007-07-27T14:54:32Z1977-1227084http://purl.umn.edu/92188application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977Agricultural and Food PolicyTHE PROCESS OF FARMER ADJUSTMENTJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92152008-04-15T16:18:37Zhdl_34258Griffith, G.R.Giles, L.R.2007-07-27T14:54:38Z2007-07-27T14:54:38Z1977-1227077http://purl.umn.edu/9215This paper reports on a preliminary study which aimed to determine whether a proposed pig carcase description scheme could be regarded as appropriate for the needs of market participants in the Australian pig market. Regression techniques applied to carcase measurements and cut-out data revealed that those carcase characteristics used as the basis of the description scheme significantly explained wholesale and retail carcase values. Available evidence also suggests that market participants are using this measurement information in their trading activities.13application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977Demand and Price AnalysisPIG CARCASE PRICING MODELS: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92132008-04-15T16:17:57Zhdl_34258Menz, Kenneth M.2007-07-27T14:54:42Z2007-07-27T14:54:42Z1977-1227081http://purl.umn.edu/92137application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977Agricultural FinancePART-TIME FARMING AND INCOME TAXATIONJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92122008-04-15T16:29:36Zhdl_34258de Boer, A.J.2007-07-27T14:54:45Z2007-07-27T14:54:45Z1977-1227090http://purl.umn.edu/9212The economic theory of product promotion has been developed within the framework of the theory of imperfect competition and under rather restrictive conditions. Application of these theories to rural product promotion is, in most cases, of limited value. This paper first examines some characteristics of agricultural product markets which necessitate modification of standard promotion theory. Some further complex issues in promotion theory as it relates to agricultural products are then examined. These include the stabilization of funds fOl financing promotion expenditures, promotion strategy under price discrimination schemes characteristic of several Australian primary product markets, the welfare consequences of promotion by primary producer promotion cartels, possible terms of trade effects of overseas promotion expenditures, and subsidies for rural product promotion as a form of tariff compensating income transfers. The paper concludes with a discussion of the cases for public intervention in rural product promotion.25application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977MarketingRURAL PRODUCT PROMOTION: ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROMOTABILITY, ORGANIZATION AND PUBLIC ASSISTANCEJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92112008-04-15T16:17:02Zhdl_34258Filan, S.J.2007-07-27T14:54:47Z2007-07-27T14:54:47Z197727086http://purl.umn.edu/92111application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977Research Methods/ Statistical MethodsERRATA: FORMULATION OF PROPORTIONALITY RESTRAINTS IN LINEAR PROGRAMMINGJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92102008-04-15T16:30:36Zhdl_34258Sarhangi, R.F.Logan, J.Duncan, R.C.Hagan, P.2007-07-27T14:54:50Z2007-07-27T14:54:50Z1977-1227094http://purl.umn.edu/92107application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging TechnologiesWHO BENEFITS FROM AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: COMMENTJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:92012008-04-15T15:42:55Zhdl_338902007-07-27T14:55:11Z2007-07-27T14:55:11Z1974-0926999http://purl.umn.edu/92014application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 42, Number 03, September 1974Teaching/Communication/Extension/ProfessionBOOK REVIEWSJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91992008-04-15T16:38:30Zhdl_34252Randall, Alan J.2007-07-27T14:55:15Z2007-07-27T14:55:15Z1969-0927028http://purl.umn.edu/9199Budgeting, linear programming and benefit-cost analysis were used in an economic investigation of a private irrigation project which serves 54 individually operated farms. On each of these farms, the opportunity exists for the integration of irrigated and dry land agriculture. The results of this study allow some comments to be made concerning the advantages which are claimed for this type of integration. One of the most appealing of these claims is that integration will encourage extensive types of agricultural production, rather than the intensive and often highly subsidized enterprises which have dominated many acres where farms are wholly or largely irrigated. This study indicates that, should farmers aim to maximize profits, the irrigation water would be used mainly in the production of forage for dairy cattle. Yet, the farmers have indicated that they would prefer to operate farm programmes which almost completely exclude dairying.12application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 37, Number 03, September 1969Farm ManagementIntegration of Irrigated and Dry Land Agriculture - Profitability and Product MixJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91972008-04-15T16:39:22Zhdl_34252Ryan, J.G.2007-07-27T14:55:20Z2007-07-27T14:55:20Z1969-0927036http://purl.umn.edu/9197Parametric linear programming is used to derive optimum programmes for 590 different resource situations representing the range existing in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area of New South Wales. Enterprises comprising optimum plans included rice, commercial lucerne hay using farmer owned equipment, merino ewes x border leicester rams for spring lambing (carryover), linseed (or a 54 bushel wheat crop), sod-sown malting barley and grazing oats in rice stubble, grain feeding of sheep in autumn and early summer. When labour is a limiting factor, autumn calving beef cows for vealer production together with purchase of spring drop crossbred lambs in March for sale in October replace the breeding sheep enterprise. Popular enterprises on the M.I.A. which had high opportunity costs in the solutions were sudax, grain sorghum (contour method, yield 1.5 tons) fallowed wheat (39 bushels), grain oats (yield 45 bushels), fallowed malting barley (yield 42 bushels), crossbred ewes x dorset horn rams and merino wethers.19application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 37, Number 03, September 1969Farm ManagementOptimum Programmes for Irrigation FarmsJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91912008-04-15T16:33:33Zhdl_34272Menz, Kenneth M.2007-07-27T14:55:33Z2007-07-27T14:55:33Z1975-0927062http://purl.umn.edu/91913application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 03, September 1975Crop Production/IndustriesESTIMATING THE RISK OF ALTERNATE TECHNIQUES: NITROGENOUS FERTILIZATION OF RICE IN THE PHILIPPINES-COMMENTJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91902008-04-15T16:34:06Zhdl_34272Roumasset, James2007-07-27T14:55:35Z2007-07-27T14:55:35Z1975-0927063http://purl.umn.edu/91903application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 03, September 1975Crop Production/IndustriesESTIMATING THE RISK OF ALTERNATE TECHNIQUES: NITROGENOUS FERTILIZATION OF RICE IN THE PHILIPPINES - REPLYJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91892008-04-15T16:31:17Zhdl_342722007-07-27T14:55:37Z2007-07-27T14:55:37Z1975-0927042http://purl.umn.edu/91897application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 03, September 1975Teaching/Communication/Extension/ProfessionBOOK REVIEWSJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91882008-04-15T16:35:48Zhdl_34272Davidson, B.R.Tierman, M.F.2007-07-27T14:55:39Z2007-07-27T14:55:39Z1975-0927012http://purl.umn.edu/9188A comparison between the cost of living of average wage earners in Sydney and nineteen country towns in New South Wales was carried out in 1974, assuming that expenditure on items of goods and services was distributed in the same proportion as in the Consumer Price Index in both country towns and the city. Housing, which was cheaper in the country, was the only group of major consumer expenditure where a significant difference between city and country town costs could be detected. The differences between the costs of food, clothing, services and miscellaneous items of expenditure in the city and country towns were not significant. A study using regression analysis revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between the size of country towns and the cost of services and housing. There were no significant relationships between town size and the costs of food, clothing or miscellaneous items of expenditure. Nor was a significant relationship found between the distance of country towns from Sydney and the cost of any major consumer expenditure group.14application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 03, September 1975Community/Rural/Urban DevelopmentA NOTE ON THE COMPARATIVE COST OF LIVING IN SYDNEY AND COUNTRY TOWNS IN NEW SOUTH WALESJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91862008-04-15T16:34:57Zhdl_34272Thatcher, L.P.Lloyd, A.G.2007-07-27T14:55:43Z2007-07-27T14:55:43Z1975-0927037http://purl.umn.edu/9186An inventory model is used to determine least-cost fodder reserves for sheep in the Hamilton area of Victoria. Unlike earlier studies a grazing model is used to generate feeding requirements and thus allows for the gradual onset of drought and the associated rise in feed prices. Compared with studies based on probabilities of effective rainfall, the approach used measures more accurately the way in which drought incidence is affected by the seasonal pattern of pasture production in relation to animal requirements. The grazing model facilitates a study of the relative severity of drought at a range of stocking rates and a number of probability distributions are identified. The refinements achieved by using a grazing model also allow a more realistic treatment of penalty costs than the usual prescription of a constant drought price for fodder. Furthermore it allows for the determination of least-cost fodder reserves for a range of stocking rates, and thus a comparison between stocking rates is possible because allowances can be made for the effect of different timing and level of feeding on feed costs. The sensitivity of the least cost reserve to changes in acquisition cost and rate or interest is examined for various stocking rates.13application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 03, September 1975Livestock Production/IndustriesLEAST-COST FEED RESERVE USING DROUGHT PROBABILITIES DERIVED FROM A GRAZING MODELJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91842008-04-15T15:47:53Zhdl_34244Freebairn, J.W.Coutts, R.D.Rowe, Carolyn2007-07-27T14:55:48Z2007-07-27T14:55:48Z1968-0626971http://purl.umn.edu/91845application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 36, Number 02, June 1968Teaching/Communication/Extension/ProfessionBook ReviewsJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91832008-04-15T15:49:08Zhdl_34244Dragovich, Deidre2007-07-27T14:55:50Z2007-07-27T14:55:50Z1968-0627057http://purl.umn.edu/9183In the Adelaide whole milk supply area, licensed dairymen are encouraged by higher bonus payments to maintain production during the summer and autumn months. High bonus payments in the late 1950s encouraged dairymen to increase output, but by 1960-61 the Adelaide whole-milk market was substantially oversupplied, principally as a result of marked increases in productivity on dairy holdings. Excess supplies have resulted in declining butterfat prices, but productivity gains have been sufficient to maintain rising farm incomes for the more specialised producers remaining in the whole-milk industry.5application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 36, Number 02, June 1968Demand and Price AnalysisA Note on Supply Responses in the Adelaide Whole Milk ZoneJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91822008-04-15T15:52:27Zhdl_34244Rao, V.Y.McConnell, D.J.2007-07-27T14:55:52Z2007-07-27T14:55:52Z1968-0627009http://purl.umn.edu/9182This paper reports the results of economic analysis of the effects of floor space and feeder space on broiler chicken growth rates. First, liveweightffeed conversion rates are described and a function fitted. Use of conversion efficiency functions for determining optimal space inputs in the production process would be appropriate where feed cost considerations are dominant. Second, use of more orthodox response surface analysis permits specific consideration of marginal productivities of floor and feeder space inputs. Optimal input levels (i.e., stocking rates and feeder space allocations) and profit margins are developed parametrically for a range of input costs and liveweight prices.17application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 36, Number 02, June 1968Livestock Production/IndustriesSome Economic Aspects of Stocking Rate and Feeder Space Allocation in Broiler ProductionJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91812008-04-15T16:00:36Zhdl_338882007-07-27T14:55:55Z2007-07-27T14:55:55Z1977-03-0627007http://purl.umn.edu/91818application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Numbers 01 and 02, March and June 1977Teaching/Communication/Extension/ProfessionBOOK REVIEWSJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91792008-04-15T16:14:31Zhdl_33888Parton, Kevin A.2007-07-27T14:56:00Z2007-07-27T14:56:00Z1977-03-0627059http://purl.umn.edu/91796application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Numbers 01 and 02, March and June 1977International Relations/TradeA NOTE ON DOMESTIC LEVY POLICY FOR BEEFJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91772008-04-15T16:01:06Zhdl_33888Godden, D.P.Batterham, E.S.2007-07-27T14:56:04Z2007-07-27T14:56:04Z1977-03-0627017http://purl.umn.edu/9177Free lysine, an amino acid produced industrially by microbial fermentation, is becoming increasingly important in intensive livestock production. Estimates are made of the economic impact of its wider use. The economic impact of doubling the current utilization rate of free lysine in pig production is also investigated. It is shown that the use of free lysine as a replacement for protein concentrates is marginally profitable at current utilization rates and prices. However, if experimental techniques of doubling free lysine utilization rates are adopted by the industry, the use of free lysine could lower costs of pig diets and substantially replace high lysine protein concentrates in pig diets.17application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Numbers 01 and 02, March and June 1977Livestock Production/IndustriesTHE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FREE LYSINE ON THE PROTEIN FEEDS INDUSTRY IN N.S.W.Journal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91512008-04-15T15:34:37Zhdl_34270Kennedy, John O.S.2007-07-27T14:57:02Z2007-07-27T14:57:02Z1975-1227060http://purl.umn.edu/91513application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 04, December 1975Livestock Production/IndustriesPUBLIC POLICY ON CATTLE TICK CONTROL IN NEW SOUTH WALES: COMMENTJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91492008-04-15T15:35:06Zhdl_34270Johnston, J.H.2007-07-27T14:57:06Z2007-07-27T14:57:06Z1975-1227024http://purl.umn.edu/91493application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 04, December 1975Livestock Production/IndustriesPUBLIC POLICY ON CATTLE TICK CONTROL IN NEW SOUTH WALES: REPLYJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:91482008-04-15T15:22:48Zhdl_34270Nuthall, P.L.Moffatt, D.J.2007-07-27T14:57:08Z2007-07-27T14:57:08Z1975-1227013http://purl.umn.edu/9148Farm planning in the non-certain world is complex so that models which adequately represent this situation are difficult and expensive to experiment with. Thus a range of linear programming models based on simplifications has been suggested for planning under non-certainty. This discussion reviews the problem of farm system infeasibility which can arise from the Lise of these models and suggests an alternative approach.13application/pdfEnglishenAgEcon SearchReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 04, December 1975Farm ManagementON THE USE OF DETERMINISTIC LINEAR PROGRAMMING FOR PLANNING IN A NON-CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTJournal Article
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73792008-04-15T16:57:04Zhdl_34574Ruttan, Vernon W.2008-02-23T01:38:13Z2008-02-23T01:38:13Z200727998http://purl.umn.edu/7379A number of very careful econometric studies have been interpreted as showing that publicly funded research and development conducted by private firms has had little discernable impact on firm level profits or productivity. In contrast historical studies have shown that military and defense-related research development and procurement conducted by private firms has been an important source of technology development across a broad spectrum of U.S. manufacturing industries. Careful narrative analysis represents a more effective way of capturing the complementarities between military and defense-related research, development, and procurement on commercial technology development than econometric analysis.10en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-12Political EconomyProductivity AnalysisResearch and Development/Tech Change/Emerging TechnologiesMilitary R&D: the productivity puzzleWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73692008-04-25T21:00:48Zhdl_338102008-02-23T13:24:34Z2008-02-23T13:24:34Z200515877http://purl.umn.edu/73691en_USInternational Food and Agribusiness Management Review>Volume 08, Issue 01, 2005Cover PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73662008-04-15T16:56:05Zhdl_34574Klein, Thomas K.Morse, George M.2008-02-23T13:57:01Z2008-02-23T13:57:01Z200725649http://purl.umn.edu/7366The University of Minnesota Extension Service used program business plans, an effective tool in other sectors, to improve integration among campus-based state specialists, field educators, and administrative staff and to address operational and financial issues. The traditional semiautonomous work of educators contributed to silolike efforts, unclear roles and responsibilities, and difficulty communicating program benefits to stakeholders. Plans were written for fifty-four of fifty-six Extension programs in a nine-month time frame around a template developed in the Department of Applied Economics. This paper explores the rationale for program business plans in outreach education, key plan concepts, and the process used to develop the plans. We interviewed program team members to gather early insights and preliminary outcomes. Most program teams interviewed in this study recommend program business planning. We continue to use the plans and build our understanding of how this tool can strengthen Extension programming.20en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff Paper07-2Teaching/Communication/Extension/ProfessionThe Role of Business Planning Concepts in Balancing Mission and Financial Sustainability Responsibilities in Extension ProgrammingWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73562008-04-15T16:52:19Zhdl_34574Ruttan, Vernon W.2008-02-23T19:09:26Z2008-02-23T19:09:26Z2007-1028702http://purl.umn.edu/7356Prior to the middle of the twentieth century the margins that have demarcated the subject matter of the several social sciences had been relatively stable since the latter decades of the nineteenth century. Since mid-century, however, a number of intellectual and institutional developments have conspired to call into question traditional disciplinary boundaries. In this paper I address the role of disciplinary imperialism, colonialism and collaboration in advancing social science knowledge about development processes and in the design of development policy and institutions. I conclude the paper with several case studies of collaboration across disciplines that have advanced knowledge and practice in the field of development.31en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-14International DevelopmentImperialism, Colonialism and Collaboration in the Social SciencesWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73552008-04-15T16:53:34Zhdl_34574Olson, Kent D.Badibanga, ThaddeeDiFonza, Christina2008-02-23T20:32:04Z2008-02-23T20:32:04Z2007-1028707http://purl.umn.edu/7355In response to the introduction and rapid spread of soybean aphid as a major new invasive pest of soybean in North America, farmers who attended winter crop meetings in four states in North Central US were surveyed about their treatment of and knowledge about soybean aphids for crop years 2004, 2005, and 2006. Thirteen percent, 84%, and 35% of the farmers indicated they had treated for soybean aphid in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. The average of the soybean acreage treated in each year was 50%, 87%, and 81%, respectively. Overall, the farmers showed a good understanding of soybean aphids and their impact on soybeans. Over 80% knew soybean aphids could repopulate and cause yield damage after an insecticide treatment. Seventy-five percent knew aphids damaged soybeans by sucking sap. Almost 80% said the frequency with which aphids should be treated for profitable control depends on aphid counts, weather conditions, and plant stage. On average, just under 70% considered an average of 250 aphids per plant to be the lowest density for profitable insecticide spraying. Scouting reports were selected by 84 to 94% of the farmers as very important information for the treatment decision; plant growth stage was the second most frequent selection.25en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-13Crop Production/IndustriesFarmers' Awareness and Use of IPM for Soybean Aphid Control: Survey Results for the 2004, 2005, and 2006 Crop YearsWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73542008-04-15T16:54:41Zhdl_34574Olson, Kent D.DalSanto, Matthew R.2008-02-23T21:00:18Z2008-02-23T21:00:18Z2007-1028751http://purl.umn.edu/7354With the current federal farm bill expired as of the end of September this year, many proposals have been made to redesign the next bill. The objective of this study is to compare the current policy with major proposed alternatives by estimating the potential payments for 17 example farms in Minnesota under each of the alternatives. The alternative proposals analyzed are the two alternatives in the recently passed House proposal (HR 2419), Durbin-Brown revenue-based support proposal (S 1872), USDA’s proposed policy, NCGA’s proposal of commodity based revenue-based support, ASA’s proposal to adjust loan rates and target prices, multi-commodity revenue insurance, and NFU’s cost-based safety net. These policies are compared in two ways. First, an historical comparison of crop revenue and estimated government payments for individual farms are made under each proposal from 2002-2005. Second, projections of crop revenue and government payments are made using historical yields for each farm, county, and nation; historical price data; and statistical distributions of the yields and prices.
Using FAPRI-2 projections (which are closer to the prices expected in the next few years when a new farm bill will be in force), expected TGPs are similar for the most likely alternatives. TGPs for the two House proposals (HB-CCP and HB-RCCP) are consistently a little higher than the current policy. TGPs with the D-B proposal are slightly higher for some farms and slightly lower for others—ranging from 94% to 105% of the current policy. Non-DP payments are projected to be much higher for HB-CCP and HB-RCCP compared to current policy. The non-DP payments are slightly lower on average for the D-B proposal, but there was a wide dispersion across farms. Each of the proposals reduces risk by similar levels as measured by the variability of a farm’s market revenue plus government payments compared to the expected total of market revenue.
Since expected payments and risk reductions are similar between the most likely options, the choice between these alternatives depends more on the method used to determine payments and less on what the final amount is. Current policy and HB-CCP use a price based system to calculate payments with target prices set in policy and HB-RCCP sets the target revenue in policy while D-B used a market-oriented system to set the target revenue in each year. So, if the goal is to provide a safety net that moves with market conditions in a volatile world, the D-B proposal would be the best choice based on its market orientation.55en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-15Agricultural and Food PolicyAgricultural FinanceEstimates of Minnesota farm-level crop commodity payments under alternative proposed federal policiesWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73532008-04-15T16:43:37Zhdl_34574Cho, YongsungKonishi, YoshifumiEaster, K. William2008-02-23T21:39:59Z2008-02-23T21:39:59Z2007-1128960http://purl.umn.edu/7353Our primary concern in this paper is to determine to what extent small communities have difficulty meeting the new stricter 2001 standard for arsenic levels in their drinking water. To do this we survey water users in rural Minnesota communities that had arsenic levels in their water supply exceeding 10 g/L during 2001-2006. Our survey results show that after obtaining complete information concerning the arsenic levels in their drinking water consumers with relatively low levels of arsenic were willing to pay $8-9 annually, while those with high levels of arsenic are willing to pay $15-17 annually. We also found that consumer’s willingness to pay (WTP) didn’t vary by community size. Thus, we conclude that compared to compliance costs ($58-327 per capita annually) small rural communities were likely to find it difficult to cover the cost of compliance through increased water charges. Since many of the communities have to cover these costs of compliance by raising water charges, we ask the basic question: are there better treatment options for these rural communities that will lower the cost to consumers? One option might be to encourage individual householders to use household water treatment devices for communities serving fewer than 500 people. The devices could be made available by the local entity supplying the community’s water possibly at a subsidized rate along with complete information about the arsenic level in the water supply.33en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-16Community/Rural/Urban DevelopmentResource /Energy Economics and PolicyCan Rural Communities Comply with the New Arsenic Standard for Drinking Water?Working Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73142008-04-15T16:44:37Zhdl_34574Andersen, Matt A.Alston, Julian M.Pardey, Philip G.2008-02-26T15:08:36Z2008-02-26T15:08:36Z200725982http://purl.umn.edu/7314Measures of productivity growth are often pro-cyclical. This study focuses on measurement errors in capital inputs, associated with unobserved variations in capital utilization rates, as an explanation for the existence of pro-cyclical patterns in measures of agricultural productivity. Recently constructed national and state-specific indexes of inputs, outputs, and productivity in U.S. agriculture for 1949-2002 are used to estimate production functions in growth rate form that include proxy variables for changes in the utilization of durable inputs. The proxy variables include an index of farmers’ terms of trade and an index of local seasonal growing conditions. We find that utilization responses by farmers are significant and bias measures of productivity growth in a pro-cyclical pattern. We quantify the bias, adjust the measures of productivity for the estimated utilization responses, and compare the adjusted and conventional measures.37en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-06InSTePP Paper07-02Productivity AnalysisCapital Use Intensity and Productivity BiasesWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73132008-04-15T16:45:31Zhdl_34574Taff, Steven J.2008-02-26T15:16:11Z2008-02-26T15:16:11Z200726387http://purl.umn.edu/7313This report is a summary of the data contained on the farmland sales portion of the Minnesota Land Economics (MLE) web site (http://landeconomics.umn.edu ) as of May 30, 2007. It is formally reissued each Spring, as new sales data become available. We no longer distribute a separate farm real estate report in the Minnesota Agricultural Economist (now the Minnesota Applied Economist: http://www.apec.umn.edu/MnApEc).
The present document consists largely of graphs and tables summarizing sales over the past fifteen years. It provides averages at the multi-county region and at the statewide levels of aggregation. Individual transaction data are available for downloading and analysis at the MLE web site.
An electronic version of the current report in fully navigable portable document format (pdf) is also available: http://landeconomics.umn.edu/mle/readings/Minnesota_Farm_Real_Estate_Sales.pdf.118en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-11Land Economics/UseMinnesota Farm Real Estate Sales: 1990-2006Working Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73112008-04-15T16:47:45Zhdl_34574Nordquist, Dale W.Westman, Lorin L.2008-02-26T16:12:48Z2008-02-26T16:12:48Z200726008http://purl.umn.edu/7311The average net farm income was $171,925 for the 38 farms included in the 2006 annual report of the Southeastern Minnesota Farm Business Management Association, an increase of 43% from 2005. In constant dollars, 2006 was the most profitable year for association members in the last twenty years (Figure 1). Higher crop prices and strong crop yields were among factors that combined to make 2006 a very profitable year for the average association farm. Dairy farms, however, experienced sharply lower profitability.
As in previous years, the income levels experienced by individual farms vary greatly from the overall average. When the net farm incomes for the 38 farms in the report are ranked from lowest to highest, the resulting graph (Figure 2) shows how much the incomes vary. Only 32% earned net farm incomes over the association average; 14% of the farms experienced negative net farm incomes. The median or middle income was $106,750, considerably lower than the association average. The high 20% of these farms had an average net farm income of $537,591; farms in the low 20% averaged $-37,343.
Average gross cash farm income in 2006 was $555,309 for these 38 farms, an 8% increase from 2005. Milk sales were 37% of gross income, down from 41% in 2005. Corn and soybean sales accounted for another 38% of income. Total crop sales accounted for 40% while livestock sales accounted for 47% of total cash receipts (Figure 4).
Government payments (of all types) averaged $37,310 in 2006, down 33% from the previous year. LDP payments dropped dramatically from $25,778 in 2005 down to zero in 2006 as crop prices recovered
Entire report is available at: http://www.cffm.umn.edu/Publications/Pubs/FBMA/SE_MN_FBMA_2006.pdffrom 2005 harvest lows and rallied into 2006 harvest. Government payments were $55,750 in 2005,
$33,294 in 2004, $31,195 in 2003, and $19,375 in 2002. As a percent of gross cash income, they were 5% in 2006 as compared to 11% in 2005, 7% in 2004, 7% in 2003, and 5% in 2002.
Average total cash expenses were $444,771 in 2006. This was an increase of 12% from the 2005 average. As a percentage of total expenses, seed, fertilizer, and crop chemicals and feed were the largest expense items (Figures 5 and 6). Fuel and oil expense accounted for 5% of total expenses, up from 4% in 2005.
Average rate of return on assets (ROA) was 10% in 2006 with assets valued at adjusted cost basis, up from 8% in 2005 (Figure 7). Rate of return on equity (ROE) averaged 12%, up from 9% for the previous year. The fact that ROE exceeded ROA indicates that debt capital earned more than its interest cost.
Average total equity (of the 25 sole proprietors) was $1,146,788 at the end of 2006, an increase of $136,106 during the year for these farms (assets valued at adjusted cost basis). Except for a slight decline in 1993, average equity has improved steadily since 1986 (Figure 8). The average debt to asset ratio decreased slightly, from 33% to 32%.
The average corn yield was 176 bushels per acre, down slightly from last year’s association record yield of 179 bushels per acre. Soybeans averaged 53 bushels per acre, unchanged from 2005 (Figure 9).
Results by Type of Farm
The 38 farms in the report were classified as a certain type (e.g., dairy) on the basis of having 70 percent or more of their gross sales from that category. Using this criteria, there were 13 crop farms and 10 dairy farms. There were 6 farms which did not have a single source (or pair of sources) of income over 70%. The results for other types of farm are not reported because the required minimum of 5 farms in a reported group was not met.
Crop farms earned strong profits in 2006 with average net farm income of $213,714, up from $105,432 in 2005 (Figure 10). Dairy farms profits fell dramatically, from $176,112 in 2005 down to $129,703 in 2006.
Crop farms average rate of return on assets (ROA) was 15%, up from 8% the previous year (Figure 11). Dairy farms averaged 6%, down from 11%. (Assets are valued at adjusted cost basis for ROA calculations.)
Dairy farms had an average debt-to-asset ratio of 24% at the end of 2006 (assets valued at estimated market value); crop farms averaged 31% in debt (Figure 12).
The full report provides additional information on profitability, liquidity, and solvency as well as other whole-farm information and detailed information on crop and livestock enterprises. Also reported are whole-farm financial condition and performance by year, county, type of farm, farm size, and age of operator.71en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-4Agricultural FinanceFarm ManagementSoutheastern Minnesota Farm Business Management Association 2006 Annual ReportWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73072008-04-16T16:04:10Zhdl_34574Nordquist, Dale W.Kurtz, James N.Holcomb, RobPaulson, Garen J.2008-02-26T16:22:43Z2008-02-26T16:22:43Z200726009http://purl.umn.edu/7307Average net farm income was $154,698 in 2006 for the 110 farms included in this annual report of the Southwestern Minnesota Farm Business Management Association. This is a 5% increase over the average income of $147,862 in 2005. In constant dollars, 2006 was slightly more profitable than the previous year and was again one of the most profitable years in the last 20 for association members (Figure 1). Outstanding crop prices coupled with above average crop yields more than compensated for reduced profitability of hog and beef enterprises.
As in previous years, the actual profit levels experienced by individual farms vary greatly from the overall average profit. When the net farm incomes for the 110 farms in the report are ranked from lowest to highest, the resulting graph (Figure 2) shows how much the incomes vary. Four percent of the farms experienced negative net farm incomes in 2006; 61% had incomes over $100,000. The median or middle income was $127,109. The high 20% of the farms had an average net farm income of $380,314, just slightly higher than in 2005. The low 20% of the farms had an average net farm income of $21,658 in 2006, a 29% decrease from 2005.
Average gross cash farm income was $609,886, a 5% increase from 2005. Three sources of sales dominated: hogs, corn, and soybeans (Figures 3 and 4). Total crop sales accounted for 39% while livestock sales and contracting income accounted for 46% of total cash receipts.
Entire report is available at: http://www.cffm.umn.edu/Publications/Pubs/FBMA/SW_MN_FBMA_2006.pdfGovernment payments of all types averaged $32,446 in 2006, a 43% decrease from the previous year. LDP payments dropped dramatically from $26,519 in 2005 down to $3,145 in 2006 as crop prices recovered from 2005 harvest lows and rallied into 2006 harvest. Total government payments averaged $56,461 in 2005, $27,798 in 2004, $25,855 in 2003, and $15,927 in 2002. As a percentage of total income, government payments were 5% in 2006 compared to 10% in 2005, 6% in 2004, 5% in 2003, and 4% in 2002.
Cash expenses increased 3% to an average of $494,409 in 2006. As a percentage of total expenses, feeder livestock purchases, seed, fertilizer, and crop chemicals, feed, and land rent continue to be the largest expense items (Figures 5 and 6). Fuel and oil expense accounted for 4% of total expenses, unchanged from 2005.
Average rate of return on assets (ROA) was 13% in 2006 with assets valued at adjusted cost basis, down slightly from 14% the previous year (Figure 7). Rate of return on equity (ROE) averaged 19%, down from 21 percent. The fact that ROE exceeded ROA indicates that debt capital earned more than its cost.
Using the market value of assets, average total equity (of the 93 sole proprietors) was $996,189 at the end of 2006 (Figure 8). This was an increase of $157,247 during the year for these farms. The average debt-to-asset ratio improved slightly to 41%.
The average corn yield was 169 bushels per acre, down from the record association yield of 191 bushels in 2005. Soybeans averaged 51 bushels per acre, down from 55 bushels in 2005 (Figure 9).
Results by Type of Farm
The 110 farms in the report were classified as a certain type of farm (e.g., hog) on the basis of having 70 percent or more of their gross sales from that category. Using this criteria, there were 58 crop farms, 6 hog farms, 11 crop and hog farms, and 8 crop and beef farms. (There were 22 farms which did not have a single source (or pair of sources) of income over 70%.)
Based on Net Farm Income, all farm types except “crop and hog” farms were more profitable than in 2005. Specialized hog farms were again the most profitable (Figure 10). The hog farms were also much larger in terms of gross sales than any other farm type. Crop/beef farms also averaged incomes higher than the Association average.
Hog farms also had the highest rate of return on assets (ROA) at 17% (Figure 11). While all farm types were profitable based on ROA levels, only crop/beef farms had higher average ROAs than the previous year. (Assets are valued at adjusted cost basis for ROA calculations.)
Using assets valued on a market basis, the average farm had a debt-to-asset ratio of 41% at the end of 2006. Crop and beef farms, at 54%, carried much more debt as a percentage of assets than any other farm type (Figure 12).
The report provides additional information on profitability, liquidity, and solvency as well as other whole-farm information and detailed information on crop and livestock enterprises. Also reported are whole-farm financial condition and performance by county, sales size class, type of farm, debt-to-asset ratio, and age of operator.87en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-3Agricultural FinanceFarm ManagementSouthwestern Minnesota Farm Business Management Association 2006 Annual ReportWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73062008-04-15T16:49:26Zhdl_34574Vanegas, ManuelCroes, Robertico2008-02-26T16:29:02Z2008-02-26T16:29:02Z200726829http://purl.umn.edu/7306Replaced with revised version of paper 09/10/07.This study examines the causal relationship between tourism expansion, economic growth and poverty for the Nicaraguan economy. Using co-integration and causality tests, the study’s results lend support to the proposition that tourism has a significant positive impact on Nicaragua’s economic expansion and development. With the knowledge from the output test, the study uses a regression analysis to test the hypothesis that income growth and tourism development would lead to a decline in the proportion of people below the poverty line. The paper presents arguments in support of the proposition that tourism, as a source of economic growth and development, offers a convincing case for the use of policy instruments focused to drive a tourism-based economy or tourism programs. It discusses its potential to stimulate further research designed to have the best available estimates of tourism impacts on variables such as economic growth and poverty.26en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff Paper07-10Food Security and PovertyInternational DevelopmentTourism, Economic Expansion and Poverty in Nicaragua: Investigating Cointegration and Causal RelationsWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73052008-04-15T16:50:28Zhdl_34574Ruttan, Vernon W.2008-02-26T16:34:40Z2008-02-26T16:34:40Z200726071http://purl.umn.edu/7305In this paper I present case studies of the history of Nation Building in the United States and Turkey. In the United States the nation building project involved the transition of thirteen British colonies to a nation state. In the case of Turkey the nation building project involved a transition from a multinational empire to a Turkish Republic
The motivation for writing the two case studies was the abrupt shift in policy by the Bush Administration following the terrorist attack on the New York World Trade Center Towers on September 1, 2001. During his presidential campaign and during his first months in office George W. Bush vigorously criticized what he interpreted as the nation building efforts of the Clinton administration. Before the end of its first year in office the Bush administration had committed American lives and resources to nation building efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq.
My first effort was to write a short paper in an op-ed style. “Why Is Nation Building So Bloody?†This paper serves as Chapter 1.0 of this paper. My second effort was to read widely in the classic political science nation building literature and in the more recent policy oriented literature. An example of the first is the collected works of Stein Rokkan, edited by Peter Flora, State Formation, Nation Building, And Mass Politics In Europe: The Theory Of Stein Rokkan (Oxford 1999). Rokkan’s work had been published largely between 1960 and the early 1990s. An example of the more policy oriented work was the book edited by Rancis Fukuyama, Nation Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq (Johns Hopkins, 2006). I found much of the scholarly work too formal and abstract for my taste. I found the policy oriented work too close to the policy process to provide an objective perspective.
My response was to step back and read in some depth the history of the United States and Turkey nation building projects. The result is this paper. In the case of both the United States and Turkey the nation building efforts were largely a response to internal political and economic forces.70en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-8International DevelopmentInternational Relations/TradeWhy is Nation Building So Bloody? Two CasesWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:73032008-04-15T16:51:22Zhdl_34574Tiffany, Douglas G.2008-02-26T16:39:55Z2008-02-26T16:39:55Z200726007http://purl.umn.edu/7303The growth of wind power as an aspect of Minnesota’s portfolio of electricity has been propelled to its current level by policy initiatives at both the federal and state levels. Existing statutes establish requirements for further expansion of wind energy in this state in the years to come. Locally, production economics exert their influence as wind speed and duration are translated to capacity factor, which reveals the amount of power that can be generated at a particular site. After the flow resource is thus quantified, comes the calculus of economic viability. This consists of determining the capital and operating costs and eligibility for loans and grants as well as the negotiations of wind rights, easements, and power purchase agreements.
To date, policy initiatives have been directed toward the production, or generation side of this variable flow resource. Entrepreneurs and lawyers have become more skillful at organizing business forms that can effectively bring together partners capable of utilizing the substantial tax benefits available through the federal Production Tax Credit (PTC) as well as attractive state-sponsored incentives and tariffs offered by utilities.
The variable nature of electrical power capacity from wind has been problematic for utilities, which try to meet the variable loads required by the summed demand of their customers. In Minnesota, peak power demands occur in summer months when wind power is the lowest. In addition to seasonal demands, daily and weekly patterns must be accommodated by utilities serving the markets for electricity.
By developing and using an investment model, it is possible to understand investor motivations driving the growth of wind energy in this state and the country. Net present values (NPV) and internal rates of return (IRR) are calculated over the life of power production projects conforming to various conditions such as wind capacity factor, the federal Production Tax Credit (PTC), state incentive plans for community-based energy providers, federal grant and loan programs, as well as emerging opportunities to sell “green tags” for renewable power generation.
The numerous incentives provided for windpower development on the generation side highlight the difficulties of providing sufficient transmission capacity for to carry this power from the often remote areas where generated to load centers. Equivalent incentives deployed with similar imagination are needed to enhance investment in a transmission system capable of carrying increasing volumes of wind and other renewable sources of electricity.28en_USUniversity of Minnesota>Department of Applied Economics>Staff PapersStaff PaperP07-7Resource /Energy Economics and PolicyWind Development in Minnesota: Policy and EconomicsWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:70322008-04-24T16:44:36Zhdl_33820Amosson, SteveBretz, FranWarminski, PatrickMarek, Thomas2008-04-08T16:24:47Z2008-04-08T16:24:47Z200829052http://purl.umn.edu/7032Dust created in feedyards can adversely affect cattle performance. Dust suppression can be accomplished by moistening pen surfaces with traveling gun(s) sprinklers, solid-set sprinklers, and water trucks. This study specifically addresses the fixed and operational costs associated with a water truck for various sized feedyards.15en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected Paperwater truckdust suppressionfixed costsoperational costsFarm ManagementLivestock Production/IndustriesEconomic Analysis of a Water Truck for Feedyard Dust SuppressionPresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69222008-04-15T14:54:05Zhdl_34421Cainelli, GiulioMazzanti, MassimilianoZoboli, Roberto2008-04-15T14:52:54Z2008-04-15T14:52:54Z200729170http://purl.umn.edu/6922This paper aims at analysing the role of the environment in innovative strategies based on firm economic performance indicators such as employment, turnover, and labour productivity growth. We exploit a unique dataset of 773 Italian service firms with 20 or more employees comprising 1993-1995 CIS II data on firm innovation strategic motivations and 1995-1998 data on employment, turnover, and labour productivity from the System of the Enterprise Account (SEA). We specify a Gibrat-like empirical model in which the covariates include firm strategies (innovation and environmental), and a set of other explanatory variables and controls. Our econometric findings show a negative link between environmental motivations and growth in employment and turnover and a consequent not significant effect on labour productivity growth. The effect on employment is partly in line with past evidence and may derive from efficiency improvements (dematerialization processes) which also impact on efficiency by reducing workforce number. It is plausible that the net effect derives from the absence of low skilled employment and a creation of high skilled jobs, as a consequence of increased environmental awareness. The effect on turnover shows a negative impact from environmental innovation strategy, implying either a short-medium effect, possibly balanced in the long run by net benefits in terms of higher added value, or a real negative impact, which may be contingent on the observed period, when environmental strategies where not at the heart of strategic management policies. However, productivity-related effects (the core of performance indicators) are not significant. Mainstream hypotheses related to eventual negative impacts are thus not confirmed, although Porter-like effects and virtuous circles between environmentally strategies and performance do not seem to be present.27en_USFondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM)>Climate Change Modelling and Policy Working PapersCCMPNota di Lavoro 104.2007ServicesFirm Environmental StrategiesFirm GrowthCIS SurveyInnovationEnvironmental Economics and PolicyInstitutional and Behavioral EconomicsC23D21O32Q55Environmentally-Oriented Innovative Strategies and Firm Performances in Services. Micro-Evidence from ItalyWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69212008-04-15T14:56:21Zhdl_338922008-04-15T14:55:18Z2008-04-15T14:55:18Z1968-1229171http://purl.umn.edu/69211en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 36, Number 04, December 1968Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69192008-04-15T15:08:16Zhdl_342502008-04-15T15:07:19Z2008-04-15T15:07:19Z1969-1229174http://purl.umn.edu/6919en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 37, Number 04, December 1969Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69182008-04-15T15:16:48Zhdl_33820Jamora, NelissaBernsten, RichardMaredia, Mywish2008-04-15T15:15:58Z2008-04-15T15:15:58Z200829178http://purl.umn.edu/6918The study evaluated the impacts of the graduate degree training (GDT) component of the B/C CRSP. In their enhanced capacity, trainees have been playing important roles in strengthening teaching and research capacity in bean and cowpea sectors, both in the U.S. and in host countries. The study recommends the continued commitment and increased financial support to GDT.20en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected Paperimpact assessmentB/C CRSPtraininggraduate degreebeanscowpeasCrop Production/IndustriesTeaching/Communication/Extension/ProfessionQ16I23O15O19Assessing the Impact of the Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (B/C CRSP) Graduate Degree TrainingPresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69172008-04-15T15:21:33Zhdl_342542008-04-15T15:20:29Z2008-04-15T15:20:29Z1969-0629180http://purl.umn.edu/69171en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 37, Number 02, June 1969Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69162008-04-15T15:26:31Zhdl_342762008-04-15T15:25:32Z2008-04-15T15:25:32Z1975-0329181http://purl.umn.edu/69161en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 01, March 1975Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69152008-04-15T15:31:05Zhdl_342562008-04-15T15:30:02Z2008-04-15T15:30:02Z1969-0329183http://purl.umn.edu/69151en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 37, Number 01, March 1969Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69142008-04-15T15:36:28Zhdl_342782008-04-15T15:35:22Z2008-04-15T15:35:22Z1974-1229184http://purl.umn.edu/69141en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 42, Number 04, December 1974Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69132008-04-15T15:41:38Zhdl_339642008-04-15T15:40:37Z2008-04-15T15:40:37Z1972-0629185http://purl.umn.edu/69131en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 40, Number 02, June 1972Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69122008-04-15T15:49:24Zhdl_339622008-04-15T15:48:11Z2008-04-15T15:48:11Z1970-0329186http://purl.umn.edu/69121en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 38, Number 01, March 1970Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69112008-04-15T15:54:50Zhdl_342662008-04-15T15:53:12Z2008-04-15T15:53:12Z1976-0929188http://purl.umn.edu/69111en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 44, Number 03, September 1976Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69102008-04-15T15:59:33Zhdl_339482008-04-15T15:58:43Z2008-04-15T15:58:43Z1971-06http://purl.umn.edu/69101en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 39, Number 02, June 1971Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69092008-04-15T16:05:16Zhdl_339842008-04-15T16:04:15Z2008-04-15T16:04:15Z1971-0329190http://purl.umn.edu/69091en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 39, Number 01, March 1971Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69082008-04-15T16:11:40Zhdl_339582008-04-15T16:10:43Z2008-04-15T16:10:43Z1970-1229192http://purl.umn.edu/69081en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 38, Number 04, December 1970Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69072008-04-15T16:18:44Zhdl_33982Ryan, James G.2008-04-15T16:17:48Z2008-04-15T16:17:48Z1972-1229195http://purl.umn.edu/69073en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 40, Number 04, December 1972Forum - Economies of Size in Wheat Production: CommentArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69062008-04-15T16:24:19Zhdl_342542008-04-15T16:23:26Z2008-04-15T16:23:26Z1969-06http://purl.umn.edu/69061en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 37, Number 02, June 1969Recent Developments in Farm Planning: IntroductionArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69052008-04-15T16:36:27Zhdl_342422008-04-15T16:35:25Z2008-04-15T16:35:25Z1968-0329197http://purl.umn.edu/69051en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 36, Number 01, March 1968Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69042008-04-15T16:40:42Zhdl_342602008-04-15T16:39:47Z2008-04-15T16:39:47Z1977-0929198http://purl.umn.edu/69041en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 03, September 1977Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69032008-04-15T16:45:07Zhdl_342702008-04-15T16:44:04Z2008-04-15T16:44:04Z1975-1229199http://purl.umn.edu/69031en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 04, December 1975Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69022008-04-15T16:50:13Zhdl_338902008-04-15T16:49:18Z2008-04-15T16:49:18Z1974-0929200http://purl.umn.edu/69021en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 42, Number 03, September 1974Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69012008-04-15T16:55:28Zhdl_342442008-04-15T16:54:29Z2008-04-15T16:54:29Z1968-0629201http://purl.umn.edu/69011en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 36, Number 02, June 1968Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:69002008-04-15T17:01:06Zhdl_338942008-04-15T17:00:08Z2008-04-15T17:00:08Z1976-03http://purl.umn.edu/69001en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 44, Numbers 01 and 02, March and June 1976Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68992008-04-15T18:24:33Zhdl_338882008-04-15T18:23:32Z2008-04-15T18:23:32Z1977-0329203http://purl.umn.edu/68991en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Numbers 01 and 02, March and June 1977Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68982008-04-15T18:28:47Zhdl_342582008-04-15T18:27:52Z2008-04-15T18:27:52Z1977-12http://purl.umn.edu/68981en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 45, Number 04, December 1977Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68972008-04-15T18:34:04Zhdl_339782008-04-15T18:32:45Z2008-04-15T18:32:45Z1972-0929206http://purl.umn.edu/68971en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 40, Number 03, September 1972Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68962008-04-15T18:38:35Zhdl_342722008-04-15T18:37:47Z2008-04-15T18:37:47Z1975-0929209http://purl.umn.edu/68961en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 03, September 1975Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68952008-04-15T18:42:29Zhdl_339722008-04-15T18:41:36Z2008-04-15T18:41:36Z1970-0629210http://purl.umn.edu/68951en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 38, Number 02, June 1970Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68942008-04-15T18:47:19Zhdl_338862008-04-15T18:46:06Z2008-04-15T18:46:06Z1975-0629212http://purl.umn.edu/68941en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 43, Number 02, June 1975Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68932008-04-15T18:51:14Zhdl_339522008-04-15T18:50:20Z2008-04-15T18:50:20Z1971-0929213http://purl.umn.edu/68931en_USReview of Marketing and Agricultural Economics>Volume 39, Number 03, September 1971Cover and Contents PageArticle
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68922008-04-15T19:03:18Zhdl_33820Saghaian, SayedOzertan, GokhanSpaulding, Aslihan2008-04-15T19:02:12Z2008-04-15T19:02:12Z200829215http://purl.umn.edu/6892The Atlantic bonito rush experienced in Turkey in the Fall of 2005 coincides with the avian influenza food scare that happened exactly at the same time-period in the country. In this research using time-series techniques, we investigate how the food scare and the excess fish caught jointly influence the demand for meat products in Turkey.11en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected PaperFood Consumption/Nutrition/Food SafetyResearch Methods/ Statistical MethodsThe Impacts of Atlantic Bonito Rush and the Avian Influenza on Meat Products in TurkeyPresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68912008-04-15T19:16:48Zhdl_34980Moschini, GianCarloMenapace, LuisaPick, Daniel2008-04-15T19:15:54Z2008-04-15T19:15:54Z200829216http://purl.umn.edu/6891The economics of geographical indications (GIs) is assessed within a vertical product differentiation framework that is consistent with the competitive structure of the agricultural sector with free entry/exit. It is assumed that certification costs are needed for GIs to serve as (collective) credible quality certification devices, and production of high-quality product is endogenously determined. We find that GIs can support a competitive provision of quality that partly overcomes the market failure and leads to clear welfare gains, although they fall short of delivering the (constrained) first-best level of the high-quality good. The main beneficiaries of the welfare gains are consumers. Producers may also accrue some benefit if the production of high-quality products draws on scarce factors that they own.39en_USIowa State University>Center for Agricultural and Rural Development>CARD Working Paper SeriesCARD Working Paper08-WP 458competitive industryfree entry/exitgeographical indicationsMarshallian stabilityquality certificationtrademarkswelfarePublic EconomicsGeographical Indications and the Competitive Provision of Quality in Agricultural MarketsWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68902008-04-16T02:33:05Zhdl_35292Wachenheim, Cheryl J.2008-04-15T22:14:01Z2008-04-15T22:14:01Z200729217http://purl.umn.edu/6890There is a small but growing body of research exploring student learning in online courses. The current study compares student performance on the final exam in introductory economics courses taught online and in the classroom and considers the effect of proctoring the final exam. Students who took a course in the classroom did better on a proctored final exam than those taking the course online.15en_USNorth Dakota State University>Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics>Agribusiness & Applied Economics ReportAgribusiness & Applied Economics ReportNo. 623cheatingeconomicsonline deliveryproctored examsTeaching/Communication/Extension/ProfessionFinal Exam Scores in Introductory Economics Courses: Effect of Course Delivery Method and ProctoringTechnical Report
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68892008-04-15T22:24:04Zhdl_33820Bazen, ErnestRoberts, Roland K.Travis, JonLarson, James A.2008-04-15T22:23:13Z2008-04-15T22:23:13Z200829218http://purl.umn.edu/6889Understanding the interactions between supply and demand for hay is important because of hay’s significance to the agricultural sector and economy, and because hay is an important crop on highly erodible soils. As an example, Tennessee has the most erodible cultivated cropland in the United States (Denton, 2000), nearly half of the state’s current CRP acreage contracts are set to expire in 2007 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2006), and hay is one of the most economically important crops produced in the state (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2004). Cross (1999) attributed the upward trend in Tennessee hay acreage since 1980 to an increasing number of farmers who were searching for alternative production activities, such as hay, pasture and livestock, to replace row crops on erodible soils (U.S. Congress, House of Representatives and Senate, 2002). Hay ranked tenth in value of receipts in Tennessee at $49.25 million in 2006 and cattle and calf production ranked first at $500 million. Hay ranked second in value of production at $262 million in 2003 and averaged $248 million over a five period from 2002 – 2006. Underscoring the importance of hay in Tennessee was the state’s national ranking of fourth in the production of other hay (excluding alfalfa) at 4.25 million tons in 2006 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2007).
To quantify these supply and demand relationships, one must understand the characteristics of hay markets. Markets are usually localized because of the weight and bulky physical characteristics of hay. Although hay species are not identical, in many livestock production situations most are close substitutes, with the possible exception of alfalfa hay. In Tennessee, alfalfa is a differentiated hay product used mostly by dairy and equine producers. Nevertheless, alfalfa constituted only 2.5% of all hay produced in Tennessee in 2003 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2004) and its price tends to move proportionally with other hay prices; thus, for modeling purposes alfalfa and other hay can be aggregated as in Shumway’s (1983) study of Texas field crops and treated as a composite commodity (Nicholson, 2005) called hay.
In 2002, 47,000 operations within the state produced forage, while on the demand side, 50,000 operations were involved in beef and dairy production with another 24,000 equine operations (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2004). Despite the lack of national and state central markets for hay (Cross, 1999), buyers and sellers seem to be aware of the current prices in their area. Word of mouth, a hay directory website (Tennessee Farm Bureau Federation, 2005), and the Farm Facts bulletin (Tennessee Agricultural Statistics Service, 2004) are among the primary outlets for price discovery (Rawls, September 2004). Hay producers are typically assumed to be price takers (Shumway, 1983) because of the large numbers of sellers and buyers; nevertheless, search costs and price differentials can result from the lack of a central market.
Even though hay and livestock producers have avenues for price determination in the short run, they have little information about what causes supply and demand for hay to change from year to year. The overall objective of this research was to illustrate how the understanding of hay markets can provide valuable information to hay and livestock producers and agricultural policymakers. Using the Tennessee hay market as an example, the specific objectives were to: 1) determine the factors that influence Tennessee hay supply and quantify their effects, 2) determine the factors that influence Tennessee hay demand and quantify their effects, and 3) briefly illustrate the importance of hay supply and demand information to policymakers. Estimating factors that influence hay supply and demand can help to provide hay and livestock producers with valuable information for making more informed business decisions and policymakers with insight into how proposed agricultural policies might affect hay and livestock producers.
To accomplish the objectives, Tennessee hay supply and demand were modeled econometrically, and the coefficients of the models were used to quantify hay acreage, yield, and price responses to the factors that influence the Tennessee hay market. The results were then used to briefly illustrate the potential impacts on the 2008 Tennessee hay price from the retirement of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) acreage in 2007.
Hay acreage proved to be fairly unresponsive to output and input prices in both the short and long runs. The weak response of hay acreage to own and substitute crop prices may result from many hay producers also being cattle producers that harvest their own hay in an effort to guarantee a reliable supply of roughage to feed their herds throughout the winter months. They might be willing to give up potentially higher profits from a production alternative to avert the risk of feed shortages for their cattle.
The hay price appeared to be responsive to real per capita income with a price flexibility of 1.55. This finding is reasonable because an increase in real per capita income results in more purchasing power for a typical household. As purchasing power increases, one would expect beef consumption to increase because beef is a normal good (Schroeder and Mark, 1999). Increased beef consumption would positively influence the derived demand for beef production inputs; hence, increased demand for hay.
A weak response of hay price to the quantity of hay produced (HPRODt) could be explained by the hay market structure. First, some livestock farmers may produce large amounts of hay for their own livestock, much of which is not sold on the market. These farmers may be able to produce hay at a lower cost than market price, or they may be willing to forgo the potential cost savings from buying hay from an off-farm source to avert the risk of feed shortages for their cattle. Additionally, unlike the market for corn or cattle, the hay market is much less organized and structured. Farmers producing hay for the cash market have no nearby and convenient grain elevator or auction market at which to sell their product. Weak response to changes in hay quantity and price suggests that hay farmers may not be driven solely by the profit motive. Instead, other motives may also enter into their objective functions as utility maximizers.34en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected Paperacreage responsederived demandelasticitieshayinverse demand functionprice flexibilitiesyield responseCrop Production/IndustriesDemand and Price AnalysisDFactors Affecting Hay Supply and Demand in TennesseePresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68882008-04-15T22:31:02Zhdl_33820Rimal, ArbindraMoon, WankiBalasubramanian, Siva K.2008-04-15T22:30:06Z2008-04-15T22:30:06Z200829219http://purl.umn.edu/6888Two-stage regression models were used to estimate the effects of the perceived attributes of soy food and socio-economic variables on participation decision and consumption frequency decision for soy products. While households consuming soy products increased from 2001 to 2007 by nearly two percentage points, the frequency of consumption declined considerably.23en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected PaperFood Consumption/Nutrition/Food SafetyChanges in Soy Based Food Consumption, 2001 and 2007Presentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68872008-04-15T22:41:49Zhdl_35788Lynch, LoriGray, WayneGeoghegan, Jacqueline2008-04-15T22:40:32Z2008-04-15T22:40:32Z200729220http://purl.umn.edu/6887Farmland preservation programs compensate landowners who enroll for the value lost due to the the restrictions on development applied to their land. These restrictions in principle decrease the value of the land. Yet few studies have found strong statistical evidence that preserved parcels sell for lower prices than unpreserved parcels. We use both a hedonic and a propensity score method to find that preserved parcels sell for 11.4 to 19.8% less than identical unpreserved parcels in Maryland. While significant, a decrease of less than 20% in land value is surprisingly small. If impacts to land value are small, could programs pay landowners less to enroll and thus enroll more land?34en_USUniversity of Maryland>Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics>Working PapersWorking PaperWP07-11Land Economics/UseAn Evaluation of Working Land and Open Space Preservation Programs in Maryland: Are They Paying Too Much?Working Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68862008-04-15T22:48:48Zhdl_33820Katsumata, KentaroTauer, Loren2008-04-15T22:47:49Z2008-04-15T22:47:49Z200829221http://purl.umn.edu/6886This paper empirically estimates cost functions for two milking technologies, stanchion and parlor, using farm level data from New York dairy farms for the years 1993 through 2002. A translog cost function was estimated along with input cost share equations for each milking technology by Iterative Seemingly Unrelated Regression. Any pair of inputs among feed, hired Labor, and cows had some degree of substitutability except for a pair of feed and hired labor evaluated by the Allen elasticity, and that of hired labor and feed evaluated by the Morishima elasticity. Additionally, economies of scale were found to exist over the entire range of output levels of the samples. The cost of stanchion technology was lower than that of parlor technology over the sample range of output levels of stanchion technology, but because parlor using farms were larger and costs continually decline, parlor using farms eventually experience lower costs than farms milking with stanchions.28en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected PaperLivestock Production/IndustriesEmpirical Analysis of Stanchion and Parlor Milking Cost on New York Dairy FarmsPresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68852008-04-15T22:55:44Zhdl_33820Elrod, Christopher P.Robinson, John R.C.Richardson, James W.2008-04-15T22:54:55Z2008-04-15T22:54:55Z200829222http://purl.umn.edu/6885Three marketing strategies (selling a put option, cash sale at harvest, and cash sale in June) are simulated based on historical values and ranked based on certainty equivalents for a representative irrigated and dryland cotton farm Scenario analysis is also used to compare varying yield values.18en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected PaperSimulationMarketingCottonRiskMarketingResearch Methods/ Statistical MethodsSimulation of Alternative Marketing Strategies for U.S. CottonPresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68842008-04-15T23:09:21Zhdl_33820Fausti, Scott W.Qasmi, Bashir A.Diersen, Matthew A.2008-04-15T23:08:30Z2008-04-15T23:08:30Z200829223http://purl.umn.edu/6884Beef industry data suggest that carcass yield and quality grades have shown little improvement over the last six years. Trend analysis of grid market share and carcass quality suggests that grid pricing has not made sufficient progress in achieving the goals envisioned for it as a value based marketing system.26en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected PaperGrid PricingNational Beef Quality AuditPublic Livestock Price ReportingBeef Carcass QualityLivestock Production/IndustriesThe Efficacy of the Grid Marketing Channel for Fed CattlePresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68832008-04-16T01:20:34Zhdl_34414Boucher, SteveGuirkinger, CatherineTrivelli, Carolina2008-04-16T01:19:39Z2008-04-16T01:19:39Z200629224http://purl.umn.edu/6883This paper provides a methodological bridge leading from the well-developed theory of credit rationing to the less developed territory of empirically identifying credit constraints. We begin by developing a simple model showing that credit constraints may take three forms: quantity rationing, transaction cost rationing, and risk rationing.
Each form of non-price rationing adversely affects household resource allocation and thus should be accounted for in empirical analyses of credit market performance. We then outline a survey strategy to directly classify households as credit unconstrained or constrained and, if constrained, to further identify which of the three non-price rationing
mechanisms is at play. We discuss several practical issues that arise due to the use of a combination of “factual” and “interpretative” survey questions. Finally, using a data set from northern Peru, we demonstrate the importance of accounting for all three forms of credit constraints by estimating the increase in farm production that would result from relaxing credit constraints. The inclusion of transaction- and risk-rationed households in the constrained group results in an estimated impact that is twice as large as the impact when only quantity rationed households are considered constrained.47en_USUniversity of California, Davis>Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics>Working PapersWorking Paper07-004Financial EconomicsDirect Elicitation of Credit Constraints: Conceptual and Practical Issues with an Empirical Application to Peruvian AgricultureWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68822008-04-16T01:27:59Zhdl_34414Guirkinger, CatherineBoucher, Steve2008-04-16T01:27:01Z2008-04-16T01:27:01Z200729225http://purl.umn.edu/6882This paper evaluates the performance of a rural credit market in Peru. We develop a model that shows that collateral requirements imposed by lenders in response to asymmetric information can lead not just to quantity rationing but also to transaction cost rationing and risk rationing. Just like quantity rationing, these two additional forms of non-price rationing adversely affect farm resource allocation and productivity. We test the insights of the model using a panel data set from Northern Peru. We estimate the returns to productive endowments for constrained and unconstrained households using a switching regression model. We find that, consistent with the theory, productivity is independent of endowments for unconstrained households but is tightly linked to endowments for constrained households. We estimate that credit constraints lower the value of agricultural output in the study region by 26%.41en_USUniversity of California, Davis>Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics>Working PapersWorking Paper07-005Financial EconomicsInternational DevelopmentCredit Constraints and Productivity in Peruvian AgricultureWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68812008-04-16T01:38:51Zhdl_34625de Gorter, HarrySwinnen, Johan2008-04-16T01:37:18Z2008-04-16T01:37:18Z199429226http://purl.umn.edu/6881The burgeoning literature on how the benefits from research may be negative for a given price support arbitrarily ignores the costs of price supports for a given level of research. Furthermore, the very existence of price supports is inconsistent with the normative criterion that governments simply maximize social income. We show that there are always gains from research, even if governments maximize social income subject to a farm income goal. Our results are also consistent with the statements made by Schultz and Ruttan that ignoring price supports will result in all over (or under) valuation of research benefits. Finally, we indicate that the predictions of the "no gains from research" literature may not be substantiated by empirical evidence and that the ideal normative model should include endogenous farm income levels as well.31en_USCornell University>Department of Applied Economics and Management>Working PapersWorking Paper94-06Demand and Price AnalysisResearch and Development/Tech Change/Emerging TechnologiesCAN PRICE SUPPORTS NEGATE THE SOCIAL GAINS FROM PUBLIC RESEARCH EXPENDITURES IN AGRICULTURE?Working Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68802008-04-16T01:48:44Zhdl_34625Liu, Donald J.Forker, Olan D.2008-04-16T01:47:49Z2008-04-16T01:47:49Z198929277http://purl.umn.edu/6880Generic dairy promotion is big business. The 1983 Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act requires that all dairy farmers pay a promotion assessment of 15 cents per hundredweight on all milk sold commercially. Of the total assessment, up to 10 cents may be retained locally to fund regional or state dairy product advertising. The funding for national and state programs combined totals over $200 million annually. Thus, the program involves high stakes and, if not well conducted, can result in substantial losses in opportunity costs to dairy farmers. The size of the potential losses emphasizes the importance of understanding the economics of dairy promotion and the need to increase the efficiency of promotional efforts.
The purpose of this study is to use a comprehensive optimization framework to identify the optimal time path of advertising expenditures for the New York State fluid milk promotion program. New York State is the third largest milk producing state and the size of its consuming population is second only to the State of California. Currently, New York dairy farmers invest $15 million annually in dairy promotion efforts. The problem is cast in a deterministic optimal control framework with fluid sales equations for major New York cities and the farm milk supply equation for the entire state as the time-evolving equations. The objective is to choose the optimal advertising spending level for each city with the goal of maximizing the discounted net farm revenue stream. The model can be extended to optimization of national advertising expenditures across states or regions. Analytical insights into the solution structure as well as empirical results based on alternative functional specifications are presented in the paper.
The empirical results indicate that advertising expenditure levels have been too high in the markets of New York City and Albany, although the spending level for Syracuse is found to be nearly optimal. The magnitude of the overspending, however, depends critically on the functional form chosen. For example, the result for New York City based on a semi-logarithmic specification indicates that the historical spending level is about 4.9 times that of the optimal level while the rate of overspending is 2.5 times when a double-logarithmic model is used. The overspending rate of 2.5 for New York City is consistent with that found in Liu and Forker, which also used a double-logarithmic specification. The analysis also shows that it is optimal to follow a seasonal pattern in allocating advertising funds: advertising should be intensified in the winter and at a lower level during the late spring and early summer. Further, the optimal seasonal pattern found is not sensitive to alternative functional form specifications. A casual examination of the expenditure data indicates that historically the seasonal spending pattern is far from optimal.
This study represents the first attempt to deal with commodity dairy promotion in a comprehensive optimization framework while taking into account the complexity of endogenous supply response and government price intervention. The advantage of the current approach over previous ad hoc simulation procedures is that both the short-term seasonal advertising pattern and the long-term; spending time path can be identified in a more realistic setting. While the present model provides a more detailed dynamic of fluid milk sales, farm supply and advertising, it does suffer from some limitations. The optimal solutions are highly dependent on the functional form specified. This is a disturbing result, which confirms the finding of a previous. The dilemma supports Kinnucan1s call for devoting greater attention to theoretical underpinnings of the sales-advertising response relation in order to gain some insight into the appropriate a priori restriction to place on the functional form. The results also point out the need to develop a better and more comprehensive commodity promotion data set as argued by Forker et. al. Such a data set would enable researchers to narrow the choices of functional form empirically through appropriate specification tests.
In addition to resolving the functional form problem, the model could be improved to better reflect the characteristics of the dairy market environment. For example, the model does not account for the fact that political goodwill may accrue when advertising efforts increase demand and thereby reduce government expenditures on the dairy support program. In light of the 1985 Food Security Act, which gives the Secretary of Agriculture the power to adjust dairy support prices in response to surplus levels, the potential for political goodwill is of increasing importance to dairy farmers. If the possibility for political goodwill were incorporated, optimal advertising expenditure levels might be higher than those found in this study. To adapt the model to reflect the political economy of the entire dairy industry, researchers would need to specify the behavior of government in setting support prices. With an endogenized government support price which is a function of the dairy surplus, the adapted model should also allow for manufactured dairy product advertising, since the effect of such expenditures would no longer simply be to replace government purchases with private consumption, but rather would result in a farm price impact.61en_USCornell University>Department of Applied Economics and Management>Working PapersWorking Paper89-04Livestock Production/IndustriesMarketingResearch Methods/ Statistical MethodsOPTIMAL FLUID MILK ADVERTISING IN NEW YORK STATE: A CONTROL MODELWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68792008-04-16T02:01:42Zhdl_35784Guinnane, TimothyHarris, RonLamoreaux, Naomi R.Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent2008-04-16T02:00:33Z2008-04-16T02:00:33Z200729228http://purl.umn.edu/6879We use the history of private limited liability companies (PLLCs) to challenge two pervasive assumptions in the literature: (1) Anglo-American legal institutions were better for economic development than continental Europe’s civil-law institutions; and (2) the corporation was the superior form of business organization. Data on the number and types of firms organized in France, Germany, the UK, and the US show that that the PLLC became the form of choice for small- and medium-size enterprises wherever and whenever it was introduced. The PLLC’s key advantage was its flexible internal governance rules that allowed its users to limit the threat of untimely dissolution inherent in partnerships without taking on the full danger of minority oppression that the corporation entailed. The PLLC was first successfully introduced in Germany, a code country, in 1892. Great Britain, a common-law country followed in 1907, and France, a code country, in 1925. The laggard was the US, a common-law country whose courts had effectively killed earlier attempts to enact the form.63en_USYale University>Economic Growth Center>Center Discussion PapersEconomic Growth Center Discussion PaperN. 959limited companypartnershipcorporationlegal regimecommon lawcivil lawFinancial EconomicsN8G3O16K22Ownership and Control in the Entrepreneurial Firm: An International History of Private Limited CompaniesWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68782008-04-16T02:09:14Zhdl_34625Maier, Leo2008-04-16T02:08:24Z2008-04-16T02:08:24Z199029229http://purl.umn.edu/6878The effects of government policies are analyzed in a conjectural variations model of U.S. food manufacturing. The policy elasticities of the perfectly competitive model are valid predictors of policy effects irrespective of the type of oligopoly. Changes in the degree of competition may alter the magnitude of the policy elasticities.
Keywords: firm behavior, market structure, imperfect competition, conjectural variations model, policy analysis, food manufacturing24en_USCornell University>Department of Applied Economics and Management>Working PapersWorking Paper90-10firm behaviormarket structureimperfect competitionconjectural variations modelpolicy analysisfood manufacturingAgribusinessResearch Methods/ Statistical MethodsPOLICY ANALYSIS IN AN IMPERFECTLY COMPETITIVE MARKET: A CONJECTURAL VARIATIONS MODEL FOR THE FOOD MANUFACTURING INDUSTRYWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68772008-04-16T02:41:16Zhdl_35784Ranis, GustavStewart, FrancesSamman, Emma2008-04-16T02:18:34Z2008-04-16T02:18:34Z200729232http://purl.umn.edu/6877This paper adopts a more expansive definition of Human Development than that encompassed by the Human Development Index in order to explore diverse country patterns of behavior in relation to these broadened dimensions. We proceed by first identifying the dimensions to be investigated and subsequently present the methodology adopted for clarifying country behavior with respect to these dimensions. Countries are shown to differ substantially in terms of their choices among the independent dimensions of well-being which may or may not be constrained by history or culture. We then group countries by level of per capita income, experience with internal conflict, region of the world, oil, wealth, distance from the equator, distance from the sea, in the search for identifiable differential behavior patterns by country typology. We find that choices do exist across the board. For example, even low income countries can achieve well in all categories while high income countries do poorly.34en_USYale University>Economic Growth Center>Center Discussion PapersEconomic Growth Center Discussion PaperNo.958Human DevelopmentQuality of LifeHappinessCapabilitiesCountry BehaviorInstitutional and Behavioral EconomicsI31O15O57Country Patterns of Behavior on Broader Dimensions of Human DevelopmentWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68762008-04-16T02:30:40Zhdl_35292Wachenheim, Cheryl J.Nganje, William E.Lesch, William C.2008-04-16T02:30:40Z2008-04-16T02:30:40Z2008http://purl.umn.edu/6876The dichotomy between perceptions of the acceptability of risk associated with genetically modified (GM) foods and willingness to consume GM foods is investigated. Results indicate that some consumers are willing to consume GM foods even though they may perceive such foods as somewhat unsafe, with determinants such as self-perceived knowledge about the availability of GM foods and altruistic motives having positive and significant impacts on their consumption decision. Efforts towards decreasing perceptions of risk and ultimately increasing acceptance of, and demand for, GM foods should address issues related to their altruistic characteristics and outrage.19en_USNorth Dakota State University>Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics>Agribusiness & Applied Economics ReportAgribusiness & Applied Economics ReportNo. 621Genetic modified foodsmultinomial logitrisk perceptionwillingness to consume GM foodsFood Consumption/Nutrition/Food SafetyQ19D12Comparison of Perception of Risk and Willingness to Consume GM FoodsTechnical Report
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68752008-04-16T02:40:19Zhdl_34625de Gorter, HarryFisher, Eric O'N.2008-04-16T02:40:19Z2008-04-16T02:40:19Z1989http://purl.umn.edu/6875This paper analyzes the dynamic effects of the acreage restrictions and land diversion requirements that are characteristic of the farm subsidy programs in the United States. The subsidy payments a farmer receives are based upon historical base acreage, and it 1s sometimes optimal for a farmer not to participate in a pr9gr~m in order to increase base acreage in anticipation of higher future subsidies. This paper determines the farmer's optimal policy as the solution to a deterministic dynamic program. It shows that farmers with low base acreage typically opt out of these programs, whereas those with high base acreage participate in them. The paper concludes with an examination of aggregate data from the programs involving barley, corn, cotton, oats, rice, sorghum, and wheat during 1987. It shows that these programs actually increase the aggregate output of each of these crops and that they represent an annual deadweight loss of more than $3 billion.48en_USCornell University>Department of Applied Economics and Management>Working PapersWorking Paper89-09Crop Production/IndustriesLand Economics/UseTHE DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDY PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATESWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68742008-04-16T02:50:15Zhdl_33820Shaik, SaleemAllen, Albert J.Myles, Albert E.Yeboah, Osei-Agyeman2008-04-16T02:49:21Z2008-04-16T02:49:21Z200829233http://purl.umn.edu/6874This study evaluates the consequences of financial variables on the efficiency of Class I railroads in the United States for the period 1996-2006. A panel stochastic frontier analysis is used to simultaneously estimate the stochastic frontier model and financial ratio model with output and efficiency measures as endogenous variables. Results show the average efficiency measures was 83 percent across six major class I railroads. The Burlington Northern-Santa Fe was most efficient and Norfolk Southern the least efficient for the period, 1996-2006.17en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected PaperPublic EconomicsImportance of Financial Variables on Efficiency of Class I Railroads in the United StatesPresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68732008-04-16T02:59:27Zhdl_33820Lau, MichaelHanagriff, RogerConstance, DouglassYork, Mary2008-04-16T02:58:37Z2008-04-16T02:58:37Z200829234http://purl.umn.edu/6873The number of certified organic operations in Texas has remained relatively stagnant while nationally the organic food sector has experienced double-digit growth. To understand why this occurring, a survey was distributed to a random sample of 4,006 Texas producers. The results will assist in developing strategies to promote the growth of organic production in Texas.20en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasSelected PaperCrop Production/IndustriesDiscerning Differences between Producer Groups and Organic Adoption Barriers in TexasPresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68712008-04-17T14:23:21Zhdl_33820Briggeman, Brian C.Whitacre, Brian E.2008-04-17T14:22:46Z2008-04-17T14:22:46Z200829236http://purl.umn.edu/6871Using the 2005 ARMS data, significant factors are identified that influence the decision to purchase farm inputs over the Internet and reasons for not adopting the Internet. Internet input purchasing farmers tend to be younger and more educated. Non-adopters that are more educated most likely cite Internet security concerns as their primary reason for not adopting.14en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasARMSInternetFarminge-commerceFarm ManagementResearch and Development/Tech Change/Emerging TechnologiesQ12R1Farming and the Internet: Factors Affecting Input Purchases Online and Reasons for Non-AdoptionPresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68702008-04-17T14:29:15Zhdl_33820Watkins, K. BradleyHill, Jason L.Anders, Merle M.2008-04-17T14:28:36Z2008-04-17T14:28:36Z200829237http://purl.umn.edu/6870Rice production generally involves intensive cultivation. The profitability of no-till rice has been investigated but solely from the producer’s perspective. Most farmed cropland is owned by someone else. This study evaluates the risk efficiency of no-till rice from the landlord’s perspective using stochastic efficiency with respect to a function (SERF).20en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasCrop Production/IndustriesAn Economic Risk Analysis of No-Till Rice Management from the Landlord’s PerspectivePresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68692008-04-17T14:37:55Zhdl_33820Gallardo, R. KarinaLusk, Jayson L.Holcomb, Rodney B.2008-04-17T14:37:11Z2008-04-17T14:37:11Z200829238http://purl.umn.edu/6869Entities have been providing quality related information to overseas wheat buyers as a response to the increased requests for this information. This study measures the value of information to Mexican millers. The value to Mexican millers is measured by the difference of the flour mill surplus and compensating variation.21en_USSouthern Agricultural Economics Association>2008 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2008, Dallas, TexasAgribusinessResearch and Development/Tech Change/Emerging TechnologiesEffect of Publicly Released Quality Information for US Hard Red Winter Wheat on Mexican Millers' WelfarePresentation
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68682008-04-17T14:56:25Zhdl_35414Chapman, David J.Hanemann, W. Michael2008-04-17T14:48:43Z2008-04-17T14:48:43Z20002923929241http://purl.umn.edu/686845en_USUniversity of California, Berkeley>Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics>CUDARE Working PapersCUDARE Working Paper913Environmental Economics and PolicyENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES IN COURT: THE AMERICAN TRADER CASEWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68672008-04-17T14:55:46Zhdl_35414Kuriyama, KoichiHanemann, W. MichaelPendleton, Linwood2008-04-17T14:55:46Z2008-04-17T14:55:46Z2003http://purl.umn.edu/68677en_USUniversity of California, Berkeley>Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics>CUDARE Working PapersCUDARE Working Paper967random utility modeltravel cost methodrecreationenvironmental valuationResearch Methods/ Statistical MethodsQ26APPROXIMATION APPROACHES TO PROBABILISTIC CHOICE SET MODELS FOR LARGE CHOICE SET DATAWorking Paper
oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:68662008-04-17T15:06:01Zhdl_35414Chambolle, ClaireVillas-Boas, Sofia B.2008-04-17T15:05:16Z2008-04-17T15:05:16Z200729242http://purl.umn.edu/6866This paper shows that retailers may choose to offer products differentiated in quality to consumers, not to relax downstream competition, but to improve their buyer power in the negotiation with their supplier. We consider a simple vertical industry where two producers sell products differentiated in quality to two retailers who operate in separated markets. In the game, first retailers choose which product to carry, then each retailer and her chosen producer bargain over the terms of a two-part tariff contract and retailers finally choose the quantities. When upstream production costs are convex, the share of the total profits going to the retailer would be higher if they choose to differentiate. We thus isolate the wish to differentiate as "only" due to increasing buyer power: via producer's differentiation, the retailer gets a larger share of smaller total profits. This result also holds when retailers compete downstream. We derive the consequences of a differentiation induced by buyer power motives for consumer surplus.29en_USUniversity of California, Berkeley>Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics>CUDARE Working PapersCUDARE Working Paper1042Buyer PowerProduct linedifferentiationMarketingL13L42BUYER POWER THROUGH PRODUCER'S DIFFERENTIATIONWorking Paper
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