Taking Huang-Huai Plain as an example, evaluation index system is established from four aspects, including the resources condition, the social and economic condition, the agricultural science and technology condition, and the disaster resistant and sustainable production condition. Correlation coefficient method and expert consultation method are used to determine the weight of evaluation index. After the standardization of extreme value, weighted sum method and multiple regression method are adopted to evaluate the influencing factors of agricultural land productivity in Huang-Huai Plain, China. Evaluation result shows that agricultural science and technology condition has a lower contribution rate to the productivity of Huang-Huai Plain than that to Henan Province. Resources condition has a higher contribution rate to the productivity of Huang-Huai Plain than that to Henan Province. Both the social and economic condition and the disaster control and sustainable production condition show relatively small contribution rate to the productivity of Huang-Huai Plain. It can be concluded that the main factors affecting the productivity of Huang-Huai Plain are the backward agricultural science and technology level, the poor farmland quality and the farmland infrastructure. Based on this, relevant suggestions are put forward to improve the farmland productivity of Huang-Huai Plain.